The Use Of Cctv Criminology Essay

The Use Of Cctv Criminology Essay The use of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television Technology) in public place has aroused the concern of public against the privacy issue and stimulated intense debate across the globe. This research aim to discuss the societys ethical stance on the use of CCTV in public place through an investigative and comparative analysis. The report will provide a variety of discussion based on objective analysis of available publications throughout the world. It addresses the main debates surrounding effectiveness and utility and further evaluates the protection of individual rights. Introduction CCTV or Closed Circuit Television is a video surveillance technology. It is described by several sociologist and criminologist like Clive Norris and Gary Armstrong (1999) as a form of power that views and controls the activities and actions of people. CCTV can be set up and used by public authorities in public or private areas in aiding crime prevention and crime prosecution. It is a multi-purpose kind of technology, where previous years it was supposed to be used to manage risk cases of traffic jams, fire and crime. CCTV sometimes helps and also creates some problems to the general public. In some ways it limits the freedom of other people. Meaning that you know people are watching you and there are some things which you cant do when people are watching. Like example, I have and itch on my butt and I cant scratch it in public since CCTVs are watching. CCTV when put in public places they record and display whatever that happens in that area. People therefore have lost their right to privacy once they leave their homes and into public places. Freedom is the right for everyone. People have the right to do and live their lives in peace without having others watching them. Literature Review Usage of CCTV The lack of clear outline and a standard on the employ of CCTV and the targeted population is a major setback of CCTV technology. Clarifications on the uses of CCTV have been made by Muller and Boos (2004). They found that CCTV is generally used for registering evidence, conduct control, flow control, access control and the planning of deployment based on their study. Targeted Individuals or groups of CCTV Norris and Armstrong (1999) created eight categories of suspicion targeted by video surveillance operators in terms of selection of targeted individuals or groups. Categories of suspicion that included are protection, which infers monitoring a vulnerable person (single women, children); category, which is a suspicion based on personal characteristics; location, that is based on persons location; behavior suspicion, which is based on recognizing abnormal behavior; personalized, which suggests prior knowledge of the person; transmitted, that refers to a suspicion based on an outside source; routine, which is based on a set surveillance path; and voyeuristic or for entertainment purposes. CCTV as effective safety tool for crime solving/prevention CCTV monitors individuals and crowds, provide warning signs of potential criminal offences, respond to threats and thus notifies the operator(s) of harmful actions and behavior, during and after the occurrence of an event (McCahill . Norris 2002a). For instance, in Barcelona, video surveillance cameras allowed authorities to find a young Spanish man who aggressively attacked a Latino American man in the metro (Cambon 2007). Such events have spread awareness on the effectiveness of the system as safety tool. This CCTV technology can conduct and inform both helpers and others on the situation in case there is an incident like fire. Besides, CCTV technology is deemed as a successful and efficient tool for reducing crime rates within targeted areas for certain social science researchers, government agencies, and institutions. There are many studies devoted to proving this stance and asserting the claim that CCTV systems are useful. These studies proposed that CCTV system have reactive an d preventative measures, increase the efficiency of police force, revive business in desolate or poor areas, build social cohesion, protect the private environment of citizens and ensure feelings of safety. Opponents of CCTV technology claim there is too much focus on the ability of CCTV to reduce crime. They said that such focus produces misleading studies and draws away from a proper assessment and evaluation of the impact of CCTV on solving crime. Nacro, the UK-Based organization conducted a review of CCTV and found that property crimes reduced in areas covered by video surveillance, especially in car parks, for example car theft. However, the same Nacro review revealed that public video surveillance had no impact on personal crimes such as assault or drunkenness. Therefore, some people critic the use of CCTV is a quick-fix solution and fails to tackle the real problems. CCTV as effective safety tool for building feelings of security Ann RudinowSÃ ¦tnan et al. (2004) claim that CCTV is an effective tool to reducing crime and establishes relations in a unsafe area. The use of CCTV increase made citizen feel safer and encourages broad participation and interaction in public spaces, which is effective in improving a communitys image and attract more investment. However, there are several research disagree with the above statement. They claim that CCTV does not reduce the feelings of unsafe or insecurity, therefore it is ineffective to use as a tools to preventing or solving crime. Jason Ditton (2000) claim that CCTV does not make people feel secure but create a false fear. Futhermore, the camera targets the innocent citizen rather than the criminal, imposing a constant fear in public spaces. Several research result have shown that citizen feel discomfort and fear in the presence of video surveillance was significantly higher among women, who are commonly labeled as the most vulnerable group to criminal events. CCTV as effective management tool CCTV video surveillance technology have been adopted by several countries as a management tools to administrate and monitor transport system, rationalize the maintenance of building infrastructure, fire prevention and for management of social spaces. Several studies demonstrate that CCTV are an effective management tools since it is less expensive than police officers and more efficient in detecting or preventing criminal offences. Don Babwin (2007) asserts that unlike security personnel, cameras are not subject to fatigue or loss of concentration and therefore provide uninterrupted and consistent effort. Therefore, the financial burden of the initial expense of purchasing and installing the system is thwarted by its long-term efficiency over employing additional police officers who may be less valuable. Ethical Challenges According to the 2006 Privacy International Report, governments policy initiatives on security aredestabilizing core elements of personal privacy there must be an understanding on how changes in privacy laws, technologies implemented affect legal and constitutional protections, individual rights, freedoms and autonomy, democratic institutions. The use of CCTV technology has stirred ethical concerns. These concerns refer to the lack of privacy protection, the repression of individual liberties for the greater good and mounting fears of insecurity. Innocent people will feel that video surveillance cameras in public places would invade peoples privacy at every turn and it would make going out in public feel like being in a bank. CCTV helps but at the cost of infringing on the rights of low-abiding citizens, their action in public space is being recorded. Therefore, they have stimulated the rise of rules and regulations which aim to protect individuals rights and freedoms as well as regu late the use and output of information captured by such systems. Politicians who abide by CCTV as an effective and successful method in the field of crime prevention, suggest that the presence of CCTV systems in public spaces act as a deterrence to criminals or potential offenders. Therefore, innocent individuals should not be bothered by its presence. The cameras target offenders and thus offer no harm to the general public. This mentality is widely used to convince the public that CCTV systems are used for a specific reason and do not impinge on issues of privacy or civil liberties. This mentality in fact poses an ethical concern, which assumes that in general individuals are innocent and must give up some liberties for the greater good. Conclusion There exists a variety of frameworks, local, national and international, which aim to protect and secure privacy and safety rights of individuals in society. Besides, there is also a clear lack of codes of practice and a fear that commercial interests override individuals freedoms and rights. Therefore, government officials and policy makers use it as a reference guide for assessing the main issues and addressing effective solutions.

The Vyacheslav Molotov Book Report Essay -- Essays Papers

The Vyacheslav Molotov Book Report For much of the time between 1930 and 1952, Vyacheslav Molotov, a laconic, unsmiling man called Mr Nyet behind his back by western diplomats, was second only to Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. He played a decisiverole in the famine of 1932, during which millions of peasants died of starvation and disease. He was instrumental in liquidating the kulaks (the land-owning farmers). He was Stalin's faithful henchman during the Great Terror, in 1936-38, when both the Red Army command and the country's political leadership were decimated. His name is on the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939, which kept the Soviet Union out of the war until it was attacked by Hitler two years later. His final years as a power in the land encompassed some of the chilliest days of the cold war.Nikita Khrushchev, Molotov's rival, sent him out of harm's way, as ambassador to Outer Mongolia. In 1962 Molotov was expelled from the party but he was re-instated in 1984. Having served Lenin and Stalin, he died a pensioner in 1986, aged 96. Not a bad record for somebody whom a British historian, D.C. Watt, described as "one of the most inexorably stupid men to hold the foreign minister ship of any major power in this century." That judgment is inaccurate, as this book shows. Molotov was the supreme apparatchik. Stalin ordered him to divorce his wife. Molotov complied--only to be reunited with her after Stalin's death. Resilience guided by intuitive cunning ensured ...

The types and benefits of Open distance learning

Open distance larning refers to instruction and preparation in which utilizing the learning resources, instead than go toing schoolroom Sessionss, is the cardinal characteristic of the learning experience. There are three types of unfastened distance scholars ( ODL ) : Face to face acquisition: Classroom Environment, Formal Classroom, Computer Laboratory, Science Laboratory, Number of Meetings, 5 or less meetings, 5 or more meetings, Teaching Schemes, Direct & A ; Indirect. Self managed acquisition: Specialy designed faculties with support from: – CDROM Courseware, Digital Library, Physical Library, Capable Matter Experts, Peers, Tutors. Online acquisition: Resources, Learning Objects ( iTutorials, iWeblets ) , Multimedia Courseware, PDF Documents, Microsoft Office Attachments, Digital Library, Discussions. Most of ODL are part-timers and have households. Learners will be confronting jobs in equilibrating their work and instruction because of that and is genuinely disputing for them. As debut I want to foreground about the job face by get downing on-line scholars. In the modern-day age is the ability to have an instruction 1000s of stat mis off from a schoolroom in a convenient and efficient mode. Majority of universities presents offer unfastened online larning for pupils all around the universe. Get downing on-line scholar ‘s categories might non be an ideal circumstance for every interested individual. What are the jobs faced by get downing on-line scholars really?2.0. Three chief job face by get downing on-line scholars:2.1. Lack of socialising with equals and working with your larning manner: –A traditional schoolroom state of affairs is non possible to get downing on-line scholars for acquisition. If a societal interaction were accomplishable with get downing on-line scholars, pupils might be unsure to run into with person whom they merely know from the Internet. This job with online larning would decidedly impede a kinaesthetic or haptic scholar, and if the plan does n't supply video interaction so an auditory scholar would besides non do as well.So by listening and discourse something or working with manipulatives, so get downing on-line scholars one think is non your best choice.As an coach, supervising pupil comprehension is of import otherwise pupils wo n't understand the lesson moves on and one or more pupils are left behind to seek and calculate out what they did n't catch up. Feeling behind while all others continue with the lesson will rapidly allow down their self-belief degree. Reflect on all of your options and judge what type of pupil you were in the yesteryear every bit good as what are the jobs faced by ODL in the last few old ages. Finally, you could detect an educational plan that hysterics your demands whether that is with a traditional manner instruction or an beginning online scholars instruction.2.2. Juggling life: –When asked what are the jobs faced by unfastened distance scholars, life and its ensuing complications seems to be the figure one response. Most enrolled pupils in unfastened distance acquisition are committed to their life in some other manner apart from school such as a household to care for, some facet which occupies the their clip, a mandatory full-time occupation to pay the measures. Except the pupils make a personal committedness to finish the class of survey, odds are life will happen a manner to deflect and rupture them off from carry throughing their end of go oning their instruction. Unlike traditional university pupil s who are ever in their acquisition group which supports them most of the clip, on-line scholars pupils are non. Online scholars pupil besides have a difficult clip in being independent and responsible to their ain ego. Most of the clip, no 1 would steer pupil larning procedure. Unfocused position of their acquisition ends besides will do the pupils act irresponsibly towards their acquisition. Beside that, they besides face jobs in acknowledging and get the hanging strengths and accomplishments. In on-line acquisition, engineering is the chief conduit which information and communicating flow. The pupils need to hold some basic authorship accomplishments and a go on-line appreciation of English linguistic communication. For this they must hold a computing machine with internet entree. Those looking to heighten their skill sets and capablenesss through online larning demand to fight with issues such as self-motivation, household committednesss, work life, clip direction, and other proficient activities. Balancing these issues with regular online categories, assignments, trials and tests can be ra ther disputing. Assignments and undertakings can be limited by feedback and appraisal by teachers. Developing relationships with real-world schoolmates and networking with other equals is besides restricted.2.3. No established modus operandis: –Merely like pupils in a traditional school environment, unfastened distance scholars must make a dedicated topographic point for analyzing and larning to take topographic point. Successful pupils assign to a clip to analyze and a topographic point to analyze. It is portion of set uping a modus operandi that keeps pupils stop uping in front when times get tough yet life has demands and pupils of unfastened distance larning tend to derive a false sense of freedom. Yes, you ‘re free to larn at place but the other committednesss of life are traveling on around you. Students who stop, bead, and larn do n't be given to retain as much information. Self-monitoring is non ever helpful particularly when cunctation sets in and one time the work starts stacking up there is less penchant to retrieve from that cunctation. Do non hold adequate clip, excessively many plants to be done and lazy are among other grounds given by this type of pupils in order to avoid analyzing for tests.3.0. Solutions to the stated jobs for get downing on-line scholars:3.1. Time direction: –To finish your surveies via a flexible agenda in an on-line format can be really advantageous as get downing on-line scholars. Many scholars who enroll in an on-line grade plan think that it is traveling to be easy to complete their coursework without a set category agenda to follow. Anyone who wants to win in an on-line grade plan should hold clip direction accomplishments. To do certain you devote a plenty sum of clip to your surveies, set aside specific period each hebdomad that you will give to your coursework. It ‘s besides of import to be after your f riends and household members for the fact that you will be puting aside certain times for surveies. If non they will evidently believe that you ‘re available to them because you are at place. Efficient clip direction is n't the lone challenge faced by pupils in on-line instruction plans but acquiring your agenda under control is one of the first things that every online scholar demands to make to fix to stand out in his or her categories.3.2. Introduce new classs: –Introduction of a nucleus class to cover the needed accomplishments is the most great manner to guarantee that pupils are both enthusiastic and suitably prepared for ODL. The scholars need to ease the debut of group work into an otherwise â€Å" traditional † grade model, fit group work into the semester system and to develop academic staff in their apprehension of group accomplishments and theory. Supremely, a short class for staff should be run on a regular footing and an introductory nucleus class for pupils in the first twelvemonth of the plan should be introduced. This solution enables any classs within the plan to use group acquisition, confident that the key demands and accomplishments will already be familiar to the pupils prior to the beginning of the class. Likewise, get downing on-line scholars will be cognizant that group work may organize portion of the standard acquisition procedure, and are likely to near such classs with far less nervousness than might otherwise be the instance.3.3. Skills required at the beginning of the class: –In this instance where ODL engagement in a group work of minimal two hebdomads at the start of the class should be devoted wholly to the nucleus advantages, benefits of group acquisition and the accomplishments required without any anterior formal preparation in group skills.It seems hard. However, readying of get downing on-line scholars in this manner is an indispensable demand for successful group work and someway assumes less importance when one steps out of the more usual talk, seminar and tutorial manner. Group facilitation, duties to other group members and effectual online communicating are amongst the accomplishments that should be stressed in these Sessionss. One of import accomplishment to larning online is larning to pull off your clip foremost. We have to do a hebdomadal survey agenda for the most effectual ways to maintain on top of your studying.A Make clip usefull for offline activities. Make note of these at the beginning of the class and program consequently for them to be a succesfull scholar. Follow the schemes below: ( GOAL SETTING STRATEGIES )S SpecificM MeasureableA AccomplishableR RealisticT Time-bound4.0. DecisionTaking a class or gaining a grade via online acquisition can be a worthwhile experience but requires some subject on your portion. Proper readying can take to a direct focal point on your classs. A coach ‘s counsel is important for the success of synergistic and brooding acquisition. The findings reveal that the teacher ‘s counsel reduced such jobs and that, to a certain extent, successful acquisition was achieved.A It is apparent that distance instruction pupils in the survey benefitted from this signifier of acquisition and possible to set about certain steps to minimise the jobs and to guarantee greater success in future efforts. Last but non least, squad instruction should be implemented with each teacher taking on certain function. So, when you sign up for online acquisition, do n't merely excited at the beginning but as the hebdomads advancement, motive can diminish .A When this occurs, remind yourself of the ground you enrolled in the first topographic point.

Go Set a Watchman Another Masterpiece or a Big Failure

The news of a new Harper Lee’s novel being published after more than a half a century hiatus surprised, fascinated and alarmed those who read To Kill a Mockingbird, and rightly so. Disquieted by the success of her debut novel, the author repeatedly claimed she wasn’t going to write or publish another novel, ever – and has been upholding this promise for fifty five years. So what’s suddenly made her change her mind? One of the problems with Go Set a Watchman is that it has a rather dubious pedigree. While being something of a sequel to Kill a Mockingbird (it stars most of its main characters and is set in the same place twenty years later), it presumably was written before Lee’s masterpiece. Editor whom she showed it back in the day refused to publish it but saw potential in the author and suggested that she should write a novel based on the case off-handedly mentioned in Go Set a Watchman. After that the manuscript of the novel was put in a safe deposit box, forgotten, miraculously found in 2014 and published with Harper Lee’s blessing. There are many questions about the authenticity of these claims. Harper Lee is 89 years old now, recently suffered a stroke and almost completely lost her eyesight and hearing. Her sister Alice said in 2011 that she can’t see or hear and will sign anything given to her by anyone she has trust in. So why was the novel found and published almost immediately after her sister, who was in charge of her affairs previously, died last year? The novel’s position as a predecessor of To Kill a Mockingbird also raises some questions. It shows many familiar characters but fails to introduce them properly, seemingly depending on the reader’s familiarity with Lee’s other novel, which presumably did not exist at the moment of writing. A lot of drama in Go Set a Watchman is based on incredulity the main character feels discovering that her father, a lawyer who protected an unjustly accused Black man in To Kill a Mockingbird, joined a segregationist organization. But if you‘ve never read To Kill a Mockingbird you have no idea why she is so shocked. But the novel’s pedigree aside, what can be said about it as such? Nothing much. One thing is for certain – as a literary work, it is a failure. It wasn’t published fifty years ago and wouldn’t have been published now without Harper Lee’s name attached to it. It is not a bad novel, mind you – it has the same nostalgic feel about the lost epoch of American South To Kill a Mockingbird has. There are some very powerful scenes, the language is good; but it doesn’t do or tell anything that wasn’t done or told better in, well, To Kill a Mockingbird. It doesn’t even matter if Harper Lee agreed to publish or indeed even wrote it; Go Set a Watchman is a passable novel, but a far cry from her other work. Fifty years from now people will still read To Kill a Mockingbird; one cannot be so sure about Go Set a Watchman.