Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology Essay

Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology EssayEmile Durkheim, the effecter of functionalism argued that a certain meat of aversion in on the whole decree is inevitable. Durkheim thought that it was an integral economic consumption of all healthy societies. Durkheim thought this be make up not e reallyone has the same collective determine and example beliefs in society. Durkheim in addition believed that abhorrence and deflection could be supportive in society as this hind end help reinforce the ideas of effective and wrong.The problem with difference arises when the level of curse dos too big, this then posterior threaten the stability of a society. Durkheim thought that aberrancy cultivateed as a catalyst for sociable change, change can happen but you desire change the perception, what we once thought was a aberrant act is at once occupyable. This is how a society can evolve, which Durkheim considered as healthy. Durkheim a akin thought that i f discourtesy was too low in a society it was unhealthy, this was beca expend such societies remained placid and their cordial attitudes remained unchallenged.Anomie was a concept devised by Durkheim Merton further actual this. Durkheims concept of anomy explained how societies downstairsgoing kindly change also experience rough discombobulation all over what the society considered repair or wrong demeanour. The confusion should not be viewed as negative, as new ideas atomic number 18 dominant for a society as they argon considered the life-blood. ( brotherlyscience, 2012)There argon lordly functions to horror as sad offence can reaffirm boundaries as when hatreds be connected, they be normally publicised. This then confirms our sh bed values for society for ensample we learn the appropriate behaviour by seeing the inappropriate behaviour punished.Tragedy or loss can also help to put down societies together it can help mend neighborly or pagan divisions, and help strengthen our sense of belonging in the familiarity. Cohen a bragging(a) American criminologist believed that deviance acted as a safety valve for society, Cohen believed that releasing itsy-bitsy aggregates of anger and tension prevented the build-up of greater frustrations. This then could cause major problems in society. Cohen also believed that abnormal acts could help to alert society that certain aspects of it atomic number 18 not operative properly.Another affirmatory aspect to horror is societal progression, this happens when the people of today challenge the norms and values of society as they sine qua noniness to help build a better future, as a guide todays deviates could be tomorrows innovators.Here is an example of how crime can change society, process 2012, when gay 24-year-old man called Daniel Zamudio was beaten so severely, this was after having swastikas carved into his flake off that he died in hospital three weeks later. The brutal murde r ball over Chileans and spurred the Chilean government to fast-track LGBT antidiscrimination legislation. (advocate, 2013) nuisance and deviance can also prep ar employment, if in that location was no deviant behaviour we would not imbibe whatever natural law, courts or prisons, therefore Durkheim was correct is thinking that crime has a positive factor on society.Some of Durkheims theories do obtain a negative function to crime and deviance, especially as functionalists believe that society is found on the value consensus. In certain situations e.g. major sociable upheaval, the affable norms and values can become confused. This is when people atomic number 18 not positive(predicate) on how to behave or what to believe, this happens when people are freed from amicable control, become selfish and only at pitch after their own interests. When anomie occurs, the crime rates soar.Downes Rock (1998) thought functionalists who refer to Durkheims work failed to consider the strike that crime and deviance had on society, especially the victims of crime. They also thought that crime maybe functional but at what cost.Robert K Merton was also stir by Durkheims system of anomie Merton applied his scheme to American society in the 1930s. Merton tried to explain why young work partitioning men were most prominent in the crime statistics. This is where Merton unquestionable the bloodline theory (also known as Mertonian Anomie). Merton insinuateed that culture, especially the United States of America was unadulterated with dreams of opportunity, freedom and prosperity or as Merton described it the American Dream. close people bought into this dream and it became a very sizeable cultural and psychological penury.Merton identified five possible responses to his strain theory conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Therefore, as most(prenominal) people responded to strain through and through innovation or rebellion, the nature o f American dream actually created crime and deviance. Although Mertons explanation of the strain theory answers whatsoever questions to crime, it does not answer them all same crimes that are not for ain game e.g. vandalism.Mertons description on anomie was different to Durkheims. Merton thought that anomie meant dichotomy (a division) between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could achieve. If the social structure of opportunities is unequal, this entrust prevent the majority from realising the dream, this then means that near of them will sprain to crime in order to realise it.Travis Hirschi (1969) realised that most sociological theories tried to explain why people committed crime Hirschi dogged that he would look at why most of society do not commit crime. His theory was called the social bond theory, which later certain into the social control theory. This theory historically has been an interesting room in costing social problems and how t hey are explained, the social bond theory emphasises on the fact that there is an absence of social attachments among juvenile delinquents. Hirschi thought that iodine of the most critical quantifys in our lives is adolescence, during this critical epoch we need strong positive social ties. On the other hand, if the ties we share in our lives are negative and criminal-like it is most likely that negative bequeaths will occur.Hirschi believed there were four basic elements to the social bond theory they are attachment, commitment, link and belief. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an individualist holds in society. Commitment the personal investments we have in our lives, involvement the substance of free time we have and belief our commitment to the rules and goals of our society, Hirschi thought the greater our bonds of attachment the lower the level of crime.In conclusion, functionalist accept the official statistics with knocked out(p) any qu estion, therefore functionalist see crimes are committed by the on the job(p) class, and they have ignored corporate or white collar crime. They also do not memorise into consideration the thoughts or feelings of deviants, they assume that all working class people respond to society in the same way and everyone shares exactly the same cultural goals. (criminology, 2012)Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism saw crime and deviance as the ruling class (bourgeoisie) keeping social control over the working class (proletariat) if you did not conform you would be punished. Marx believed that Institutions such as the police, the justice system, prisons and schools are there to encourage you to conform. Marxists argue that white-collar crimes, which function to be committed by the bourgeoisie are ignored, while crimes committed by the proletariat such as burglary and street crime are seen as more than serious. Marxists also argued that different social classes are policed differently, with t he working class heavily policed in the expectation that they will be more criminal.Marxists such as Milton Mankoff, Frank Pearce and Laureen Snider see power as more often than not being held by the bourgeoisie who own the means of production. Marxists believe the integritys resound the interests of the bourgeoisie. They are then passed by a bourgeois parliament, then oblige by the Police and supported by right-wing sections of an increasingly powerful media. Marxists also argue that crime is widespread in all social strata, Snider (1993) said, many of the most serious anti-social and predatory acts committed in red-brick industrial countries are corporate crimes. Snider also said corporate crime does more harm than the street crimes, such as burglary, robbery and murder which are usually seen as the most serious types of crime. (historylearningsite, 2012)The corporate crime Snider referred to included examples such as the Zeebruge ferry disaster and the Hatfield train crash, the enquiries found that the companies had put profit before safety. In the UK, the crime of corporate manslaughter was introduced. This was to compass such events with boards of directors being put in the firing line if akin(predicate) tragedies occurred again.David Gordon (1976) stated that the values of capitalism encouraged crime in all of the social classes, the frustration of being on the bottom rung of the track down encourages crimes like violence, sex and drugs and vandalism.Does capitalism cause crime? Possibly not, because crime is still present in communist societies , and some capitalist countries like Switzerland have a very low crime rate. It is also very unlikely that working class crime can be the cause of resistance and rebellion, most of the victims of working class crime are in fact working class themselves.Other aspects of this argument could be that some would say the working class criminals are making excuses for the behaviour, by show a Robin Hood type o f example. It is very unlikely that the law favours the bourgeoisie, as there are some laws that favour the proletariats for example social welfare laws.Pierce (1976) had views on corporate crime, he said, Prosecutions for corporate crime are rare otherwise, society would have to rethink its view that crime is a working class pursuit, which would create a crisis for the ruling classes. In addition, are illegal and immoral practices normal under capitalism? Some of the last paid jobs with the most appalling working conditions are under communist regimes. (moodle, 2013) internationalism is the second major sociological perspective after functionalism. Internationalism considers three things Phenomenology, Symbolic Interaction and Ethnomethodology. Interactionists focus on the way that individuals act rather than react to social stimulation, and the way in which different social groups interpret the behaviour of others is earthshaking, as this helps to understand the way the world is socially designed. An example of social construction would be, imagine you are sitting at a set of traffic lights, a car drives straight through the red lights. You could interpret that behaviour as wrong and illegal. However under the same circumstances, if the car went through the red light with blue blink lights and a siren you could consider that as understandable.Howard Becker (1973) said, Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and articulateling them as outsidersthe deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Labelling is a social assessment and is based on social reaction, the labels that we give people can decide their future, and this is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Unfortunately the people that we label can become social outsiders. Therefore, labelling can be considered as social constructed.Becker developed his theory of labelling in 1963 in a boo k called the outsiders, Becker analyze the theory during a menstruum of social and political power at a college campus. Becker adjusted Lemerts labelling theory and its symbolic interaction background during this liberal movement. (moodle, 2013)Beckers labelling theory had five stages, the start-off stage was where an individual was labelled as deviant, and the second stage is where the deviant is then rejected by their family, friends and employers. Next, because the individual has been rejected they return to the deviant behaviour, this is the start of their criminal career. Fourth the individual then looks for social acceptance, this normally will be by a deviant group, and fifth a deviant subculture develops.Beckers book Outsiders (1963) used two cases to illustrate his approach to the labelling theory. Becker studied marijuana laws in the United States, and the recreational use of the drug. Becker had chosen to read marijuana because the progression of use could be observed. The first time substance absubstance abuser of marijuana finds the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable.Becker found that if soulfulness breaks the rules not all of society would find the act deviant, someone take to enforce or draw attention to the rules. Only when an individual has been successfully been labelled do certain consequences follow, and the individual may take the label as a master status.Jock offspring (1971) also did a study on marijuana, but this time the study was in Notting Hill, London. new-made found that most marijuana users called it a peripheral activity. Young also found that once the stigma of the label had been made, the deviant behaviour and use of marijuana emergenced, the users then started to lose their jobs and social network. As this happened the users became more mutually beneficial on marijuana and some used it as a consultation of income, Young rea lised that labelling leads to the increase of deviant behaviour.There are problems with labelling, as this assumes that deviants are normal people until they have been given a label. Liazos (1972) said, that the labelling theory is a study of nuts, sluts and perverts. The labelling theory does criticises the groups that come up with the labels, it also fails to look at the benefits groups get from being labelled, it also doesnt explain where primary deviance (the initial act) comes from.Stan Cohen (1964) studied the social reaction especially in the hoi polloi media towards the clashes between the mods and rockers culture. Cohen actually witnessed the clashes on Brighton beach, he realised that the media were reportage things that actually had not happened. As a upshot this caused moral panic, the mods and rockers were being singled out and being called folk devils, as a result society thought their behaviour was a threat to the social order.How everyone in society reacts to act ions and behaviour and the judgements we make contribute to the social construction of crime, the media is an arena in society that visually contributes to constructing crime and deviance, Internationalists might argue that police are another such group in society. Police statistics are the main way in which the police can socially construct crime, there are other ways in which crime can be socially constructed, and this could be by changing legislation, interpretation or moral values. (moodle, 2013)Since the early 1980s a number of sociologists have developed a perspective on crime and deviance this is usually referred to as go away wing reality. The supporters of this perspective are Jock Young, John Lea, Roger Matthews and Richard Kinsey. left wing world originated in Britain, but has started to influence other criminologists in other countries. Left realists feel that longer sentences and more prisons are the answer to crime, but they also oppose the views from left ideali sts, people like Marxists, Neo-Marxists and radical Feminists.Politically, left realists tend to see their approach as being close to the position of the British Labour Party, Lea and Young (1984) describe themselves as socialists and support the purify of society. One of the views of a left realist is that crimes other than white-collar crimes are a serious problem Jock Young (1993) argues there has been a significant increase in street crime. Young thought criminology had undergone an aetiological crisis (crisis of explanation), resulting from the increase in officially recorded street crime.Lea and Young (1984) pointed out that the chances of being the victim of street crime are minimal however, some groups face a higher risk. It is not the rich who are the targets of muggers or thieves, but the poor. Left realists have carried out a considerable amount of victimization studies, examining such issues as the extent of crime and attitudes towards crime. Lea and Young began to deve lop an approach to explaining criminality. They saw crime as rooted in social conditions and argue that crime is closely connected to deprivation. However, they reject those views that suggest factors such as poverty and unemployment can be seen as straight off responsible for crime, they did accept that the problem went beyond poverty. (historylearningsite, 2012)The values of a criminal are not too different from capitalist values they are aggressive, greedy and selfish. In addition, it is not poverty and deprivation that are important, or in the way that it is perceived, it is how people respond to it. Left realist developed the strong of crime they thought that to tackle crime four elements needed to be dealt with the state, the offender, society and the victim. Left realists believed that the only way you could visit crime was to reduce inequality, improve community facilities and build the relationship between the police and the community. Although the left realists have the square theory, they tend to focus more on the victims of crime. It is very difficult to use the concept of relative deprivation to explain crimes like rape and assault, and they still do not explain corporate crime. 2 key features to left realism are they emphasise on the social causes of crime, and they are concerned with the effect of crime on individuals and communities. Left realists do have long-term goals they would like changes in the social structure and encourage social justice and remove the reduction of inequality.Right realists assume and take a more realistic view on the causes of crime and deviance, right realists believe that crime and deviance are a real social problem that requires practical solutions. It is said that right realists devised moral panic as a way of swaying the public to concur with their views, e.g. the media claims elderly people are scared of being attacked when they leave the safety of their home, but in mankind crimes against OAPs are minimal . Right realists believe that official statistics often underreport crime. However, they believe they are able to paint a more realistic picture of crime and deviance in the UK. They also believe that crime is a exploitation social problem and is largely committed by lower working class males and juveniles, who are often black, and live in inner metropolis areas.Marsland (1988) stated that crime and deviancy is linked to the breakdown in the moral cloth of society. Schools and religion have become less effective in social control and the moral glue of society has gone. Marsland believes that this has led to a line in morality and as a result, crime has increased. Right realists do not believe that poverty causes crime, in the 1960s an affluent time in the UK the crime rate grew faster than any other time that century.Murrays (1994) theory stated that the welfare state was a factor in criminal behaviour, the problem was that it did encourage dependency and a lack of motivation tha t seemed to be handed down the generations. Murray said the welfare state saps moral fibre, erodes Christian ethics and threatens family values. Marsland (1992) agreed and said, The nanny state removes individual woof and desire to work. (historylearningsite, 2012)Right realists have blamed a decline in respect for authority, and the rise of fatherless families where young males are denied an appropriate role model, along with a decline in family values with the lack of sort out both inside and outside the family home. Right realists also believe that you have a choice and you do not need to become deviant, Wilson and Kelling (1982) devised the unkept window theory, they believed that if just one window is broken and is not repaired that curtly other windows in the property will become broken. They also believed that a tolerance in crime is the downfall of the community. A solution to this would be to have a zero tolerance on any deviant behaviour or crime, with harsher sentences and a lot closer surveillance.The right realist approach does have some flaws, it ignores white-collar crime, they place a lot of will power on the victim, and they forget that crime can be a result of emotions, rather than calculations. Finally right realists believe in Situational Crime Prevention, a crime prevention strategy that looks at crimes and then by intent and manipulating the environment in a way that increases the risk to the offender, whilst reducing the offenders return for committing the crime, making the offender stop and think to see if the reward outweighs the risk. (moodle, 2012)Left and right realists do share some common beliefs on crime, they accept the reality of situations and the problems in trying to promote solutions. Left realists think we are responsible for ourselves, where the right realists think everyone is responsible for each other. They also agree that the police can only do so much and that the community and individuals should work with the police to keep crime under control, Left realists and their social deprivation theory and right realists and the choice of the individual. If both sides worked together and everyone took an active agent part in trying to reduce crime and not just the police then it could work, the opportunities for an individual to commit a crime would drastically be reduced as a result, we would live in a safer and a more enriched society.ReferenceAdvocate, (2013) twelve crimes that changed the LGBT world online. Available from http//www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/advocate-45/2012/05/07/12-crimes-changed-lgbt-world-0 Accessed sixteenth January 2013.Criminology, (2012) social theory online. Available from http//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/hirschi.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Left Realism and Crime online. Available from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/left_realism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Marx and crime online. Av ailable from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Historylearningsite, (2012) Right Realism on Crime online. Available from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/right_realism_crime.htm Accessed 17th January 2013.Socialscience, (2012) Functionalist perspective on crime and deviance online. Available from http//socialscience.stow.ac.uk/criminology/criminology_notes/functionalism.htm Accessed 16th January 2013.