Organizational Behavior and Communication in the Walt Disney Company

This paper focuses on the organizational behavior and communication within the Walt Disney Company. This piece contains a discussion on The Disney Company’s philosophy, mission statement, vision statement and values and its affect on organizational behavior and communication. The Disney Company is an international organization in which communication role plays an important part in the organizations’ perception and organizational culture. The Company supports its values through its actions and communications among and within cast members (employees) as well as the general public. The Walt Disney Company â€Å"started with a mouse† a favorite comment made by Walt himself as he looked back at the humble beginnings of his organization. The Company’s philosophy, mission statement, vision statement and values come directly from The Company’s annual report (2010). The Company’s philosophy is taken directly from Walt Disney himself where â€Å"every child is born with a vivid imagination† which became the foundation for animated sequences of fantasy, visits to the depths of the ocean and dreams of flight into Space. The Company’s mission statement is â€Å"to be one of the world's leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. † The vision statement reads â€Å"The Walt Disney Company is to be the preeminent leader in the field of family entertainment. The Company values are Innovation, quality through high standards of excellence and maintain quality standards for all product categories; Community to create a positive and inclusive idea about families and provide entertainment experiences for all generations to share. Every product will tell a story and will be timeless and engaging to inspire and delight; Optimism which focuses on hope, aspiration and have positive resolutions and Decency where the company honors and respects the trust people place in the Company and provide an atmosphere to create fun and to laugh at experiences and themselves. Communication plays a crucial role in perception and organizational culture within The Disney Company. A significant part of communication lays the question of trust between people receiving information and those giving information. Thomas, Zolin & Hartman, 2009 discussed the capability of trust and communication improving organizational concerns relating to employee participation and job performance. Open communication is a factor relating to interpersonal trust. If employees cannot trust supervisors then employees hesitate to work towards organizational goals. When companies exhibit openness, it promotes the organizations’ commitment to it culture and values (DeRidder, 2004). Being a global company, Disney employs people with diverse backgrounds and nationalities and being unable to communicate and work together can create problems. The Company aligns its communication style with its culture and values through the use of storytelling. Using a method called the â€Å"Grandparents Story†, Murray Nossel teaches employees of global companies how to listen and communicate with each other (O’Connor, 2010). Nossel says the use of storytelling brings people together because everyone has a Grandparent story and key to the method is not the story itself, but people listening (O’Connor). Barker and Gower (2010) recognized storytelling as a person’s ability to establish a common ground and social relationships. By creating a picture through stories, organizations are able to represent personal, interpersonal and corporate perspectives on a social level (Barker and Gower). A noteworthy part of communication is dealing with and resolving conflict. The Disney Company faced significant communication conflicts with Euro Disney (now Disneyland Paris) in France. Instead of listening, assimilating and communicating with the French people and their culture, The Disney Company dictated how the park would be set-up, prices to charge and create another â€Å"America† in France. According to France, everything had to be â€Å"the Disney way† and the French and their culture were pushed aside adding to a hostile environment (Spencer, 1995). The Company should have formed a group with French and American members to work out conflicts because the opinions of the members create discussions establishing an improved detailed method rather than a singular perspective (Jehn and Mannix, 2001). To improve communication with and among groups, The Company should follow the methods of recently acquired Pixar Company. The people at Pixar have the freedom to communicate with anyone in a â€Å"safe† environment to offer ideas and criticism with explanations from anyone at any level in the organization. The leadership at Pixar explains that creativity is behind the company’s success and having an open communication format is the basis of the company culture (Catmull, 2008). Disney’s espoused values align with its enacted values. The Disney Company focuses on the customer and their experiences and even created a new term called â€Å"guestology† (Innovation value). The term applies to the importance Disney puts on understanding their customers. Disney measures the amount of time a customer has to wait, the number of acceptable drops on the ride Tower of Terror† and what prices guests are willing to pay before becoming unhappy (Quality, Every product telling a story and Optimism values) (Ford and Heaton, 2001). According to Ford and Heaton, the organizational culture of The Disney Company guides and directs employees on how to handle situations using honor and respect that may not appear during formal training (Optimism value). Disney cast members (employees) are empowered to make decisions or perform reasonable actions to satisfy guests (Decency value). According to Michael Griffin, Vice President of communications for Walt Disney World, when it comes to communication, Disney disseminates in writing the same information to cast members as it does to the general public. When it comes to information not in writing, team leaders are informed and they in turn verbally inform their members. According to Griffin, the company does everything to protect the brand (Elsasser, 2009). As the Walt Disney Company grew through the innovative efforts of artists and technology, the Company maintains its philosophy of creating with the vivid imagination of a child. As the company grew to international status through movies, amusement parks and Broadway productions, the company continues to maintain its dedication to providing innovative, quality entertainment for all members of the family. The Disney Company communicates its corporate values which are infused in the organizational culture, instilled in employee training and acted upon with honor and respect to the customer.

Free Enterprise in United States

â€Å"Work hard, save your money, and you can become wealthy – or, at least, â€Å"independent! † This is the motto of old-fashioned, â€Å"free enterprise. † It expresses the idea that everybody in a capitalist society can participate and compete on the same terms with similar chances of success. It implies that the working class is just a collection of individuals who have not yet established their independence (worked their way up) through â€Å"individual initiative,† rather than a being permanent class. In the early 19th Century, most Americans (including Abraham Lincoln, for instance) believed this. They thought opportunities under capitalism would keep expanding forever. But what is the reality behind this capitalist thinking? In the past, working people in America have had more opportunity to go into business or to get land for farming than anywhere else in the developed world. At the time the U. S. Constitution was written, it was generally assumed that only property owners should have the right to vote and participate in government. The â€Å"Free Labor† thinking of the Republican Party before the Civil War was basically a form of the capitalist work ethic. It meant that if 1) you were free yourself; 2) your country was â€Å"free†; and, 3) there was no slave labor to take your livelihood, you could â€Å"make something of yourself,† and become a capitalist or, at least, an independent producer, professional or artist. Americans in the North at that time were influenced by this capitalist â€Å"work-ethic† to under-estimate the energy of the South. They thought (as the capitalist â€Å"work-ethic† would lead them to believe) that the poverty and economic decline of the South were probably due to laziness and that this indicated that the North should be able to easily defeat the South. But the Civil War proved that Southerners were not â€Å"lazy;† it was the slave system (lacking science and industry) that caused many of the economic problems there. The capitalist â€Å"work-ethic† also caused Northerners to overlook the only chance for real progress in the South during the â€Å"Reconstruction† — taking of the lands of former slave-owners, and their distribution to Blacks and poor Whites. They assumed, as did Abraham Lincoln, that anyone with ambition would simply work his way up. They could not understand that capitalism naturally limited opportunities, because the majority would have to be workers, not capitalists. With no land or other economic basis to start from, most workers in the South would have no way of lifting themselves from poverty. Strong competition with other capitalists, who are constantly trying to gain a larger market by offering a cheaper product, forces the beginner to keep putting everything back into his business. He must invest in more modern equipment in order to be able to produce more cheaply with higher quality, and on a larger scale. He must do this in order to improve his product or services, and also capture a larger share of the market, until he has reached a level where there is no immediate threat of being put out of business by his competition. This means having the most modern machinery and getting the most productivity out of his workers. This huge need for capital also forces the capitalist to rely more and more on third parties. Making the capitalist borrow from banks to keep his capitol at a safe amount. They simply hire employees to make all the management decisions, design and develop the product, etc. Free enterprise† thinking forgets that a worker has only his labor-power to sell in order to earn his living. He competes with other workers to sell his labor-power at the cheapest price. The average price of labor-power (the worker's wages) is the amount that it takes to â€Å"make ends meet† under the given social settings in a country. The laws of economics determine that if the worker works faster, he creates a cheaper product. But this eventually cheapens the amount which the capitalist must pay him in wages because there are always unemployed workers somewhere willing to work for the bare necessities. Working faster increases competition without increasing their earnings. Because of these realities, workers learn to â€Å"work smart† according to their own understanding. Working smart for the worker means withholding his labor power, working more slowly and learning the tricks of the trade, better known as bargaining. These things raise the price of his labor-power. This in turn forces the capitalist to concentrate more on improving productivity through better machinery and production processes in order to increase his profits.

Conduct Unbecoming

â€Å"Conduct unbecoming† is a punishment that is only for Commissioned OFFICERS – not for enlisted soldiers. Article 84 is regarding unlawful enlistment†¦ and therefore not applicable to this situation. Article 15 is the article that allows for non-judicial punishment – it is NOT something you can be charged with. Article 91: Insubordinate conduct toward a non-commissioned officer (you failed to obey the order). Article 92: Failure to Obey a Lawful Order (he ordered you to tell the truth, and you didn't). Article 107: False Official Statements (told a lie when asked). Article 134: Disloyal Statements (prejudicial to the good order and discipline) Article 134: False Swearing (you took an oath and then lied) Article 134: Obstructing Justice (you lied to hide wrongdoing) The max punishments you can be hit with are as follows (in the same order!! ) Article 91: BCD, 1 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (willfully disobeying an NCO's order), BCD, 6 month confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (for showing contempt to the NCO) Article 92: Dishonorable discharge, 2 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (if the situation involved a general order). BCD 6 month confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances (for the failure to tell the NCO the truth). Article 107: 5 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (statements): 3 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (swearing): Dishonorable Discharge, 3 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Article 134 (obstructing): Dishonorable Discharge, 5 year confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances. And it depends entirely upon what it was that you are being accused of lying about and the Commander. If it was important, or really impacted Good Order and Discipline, you'll be charged with the maximum number of charges. If it is bad enough situation to warrant an Article 15 you are going to get hit with a Field Grade Article 15. For this, the max damage is no more than 30 days of correctional custody, 45 days of extra duty, 45 days of restriction (it can be 60 days, but extra duty and restriction must be the same amount), loss of TWO pay grades, and loss of half your pay for two months.

Geo Lab Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geo Lab Questions - Essay Example Some of the most salient landscape features found in Los Angeles include mountains, rivers and beaches. In fact, the landscape of Los Angeles has created geologic instability in the area. The main types of rocks that influence the landscape of Southern California are the sedimentary rocks located in the region. Research asserts that the Southern California region has numerous petroleum fields which are mainly formed as a result of sedimentary rocks (U.S Department of State, 2012). McWilliams, C. (2009). Southern California: An island on the land. (9th ed.). New York: Peregrine Smith Press. U.S Department of State. (2012). Minerals. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/united-states/geography-5.htm Question 4 A plate boundary is defined as the region found at the edge of the lithospheric plates. According to the discipline of geography, there are three types of plate boundaries. They include convergent, transform and divergent boundaries. Transform or conservative boundaries are fo rmed when two plates slide past each other along transform faults. In addition, convergent or destructive boundaries are formed when two plates move towards each other. Lastly, divergent or constructive boundaries are formed when two plates move away from each other (Condie, 2009). The movement of these plates always leads to the formation of certain physical landmarks. For example, Iceland is continually separating along the Mid-Atlantic ridge. These divergent forces are attributed by the American and Eurasian plates. This separation has led to the formation of a new crust. However, researchers claim that soon enough Iceland will be separated into two land masses because of the broadening of the crust (Harden, 2011). Condie, K. (2009). Plate tectonics. United States: Butterworth-Heinemann Press. Harden, D. (2011). California geology. New York: Prentice Hall Press. Question 5 According to experts in the field of geography, there are several types of features that are formed through either wave or wind action. Research proves that there are both soft and hard features that are formed along the coastline (Jervis, 2009). The aspect of softness or hardness of a physical feature formed at the coastline mainly depends on certain phenomenon. For example, a spit can be identified as a soft feature that is mostly found at the coastline. In most cases, spits are located at regions with shallow waters whereby there is a diversion in the direction of a coastline. A spit is normally formed when deposition occurs at the shallow area. As deposition of finer material continues, the spit bulges outwards into the sea and is more visible. In addition, an example of a hard feature is a headland. A headland is formed through wave action whereby the force of the water hits the shore forming a land mass. In some instances, the formation of a headland is also boosted by the chemical content that is contained in the sea water (Haslett, 2009). Jervis, P. (2009). Physical features. Unit ed States: Folen Press. Haslett, S. (2009). Coastal systems. New York: Routledge Press. Question 6 It is factual that hot air balloons operate on the certain physical principles. When the amount of lift in the balloon surpasses gravity, then, it moves upwards. According to most physical theories, hot air balloons are supposed to be launched in the morning. This is because the stable winds allow the balloon to operate effectively. Since balloons move with air, most pilots

Evaluate the legacy of the two world wars on the provision of 'decent Essay

Evaluate the legacy of the two world wars on the provision of 'decent housing' during the twentieth century - Essay Example This paper explores the Legacy of World War I and II on the provision of decent housing during the 20th century. Prior to the First World War, Britain’s construction and provision of housing was largely a responsibility of the private sector (Burnett 1986). It was not until the termination of the First World War that the central government and local authorities assumed more active role in house construction and utilization of land. The development of council houses diminished the role played by market forces of demand and supply on locations of houses construction. According to Taylor (1998), Birmingham city took the lead as other cities followed in the same footsteps. The provision of inexpensive housing constructed by local authorities under subsidies of the central government heightened the involvement of the public in determining how land was to be used. Market forces of demand and supply no longer influenced the utilization, misuse and non-use of land. The central government and local authority in housing provision was aimed at eradicating poverty, boosting public health and reducing social isolation. The famous â€Å"home fit for Heroes,† emerged after the First World War when honoring fighters in the war became the central political focus. Local councils built council houses to ease overcrowding and to provide quality houses for low-income tenants (Daunton 2008). The programme was initiated in nineteenth century and peaked during the mid-twentieth century, at the point when the programme included extensive suburban estates as well as urban developments characterized with tower blocks. Clapp (1994) argued that there was smaller extent of property destruction during the First World War leading to lack of urgent reconstruction programmes. However, the initial sustained thrust to build and develop cheap and subsidized houses by local authorities began in 1919 under

Global Distribution Of Material Goods And Products Essay

Global Distribution Of Material Goods And Products - Essay Example An organization I worked for several years ago left me with many fond memories. I made many lifelong friends and enjoyed a pleasant environment. I later realized that the upper management cared little about the low wages employees earned I earned one raise of ten cents per hour in nearly four years, though I quickly became one of the top employees. I trained new employees and befriended everyone. I went the extra mile to show residents that I cared. My immediate floor nursing supervisors became my mentors. Co-workers in the same position as I were young females in their early 20s. We all worked hard with as much skill and caring as possible. Many of us grew close very quickly. We helped each other, supported each other during times of personal crisis and socialized together away from work. We found common ground and formed a culture of camaraderie, caring and moral support. Two groups of subcultures arose from this work situation. The subculture of nursing supervisors who were beginn ing their professional careers and families simultaneously formed one. Those of us who were single, young adults with a strong work ethic and sense of caring for others made up the other subculture. Upper management symbolically stated they did not belong to the general workforce, by locking themselves in their offices. Decisions were made by a couple hired as administrator and maintenance worker. The couple socialized with all staff and attended many functions outside of work. They became involved in each group dynamic as much as possible and were respected by everyone.

Teaching Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching Document - Essay Example The other chemicals used include: alpha amylase enzyme, gluco-amylase enzyme and carbon which is used in the adsorbers as a decolorizer. The process occurs in five main stages; two hydrolysis processes that convert about 100% of the starch in the slurry into glucose and three evaporation processes to dry up the glucose. The starch slurry first flows into the first hydrolyser, R1, which converts 25% of the starch into glucose using alpha-amylase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis process. After the first hydrolysis process, the viscosity of the slurry is reduced, and the slurry is then passed through a centrifuge, PS-1, which removes any proteins and oils present. The slurry is then passed through the second hydrolyser, R-2, which completes the hydrolysis process using the gluco-amylase enzyme that leads to the overall conversion of starch to glucose to almost 100%. The viscosity reduction of the slurry after the first hydrolysis process ensures proper mixing with the gluco-amylase and prevents the formation of unhydrolyzable gelatinous material in the second hydrolyser. After the second process of hydrolysis, the slurry is decolorizes in an adsorber, CS-1, parked with carbon (Silla 23). After the conversion of starch to glucose the rest of the process dehydrates the glucose. A dry product is then obtained using the process of evaporation. The glucose solution is pumped into the first stage of evaporation where a portion of the water is removed. To conserve energy (heat), the first stage of evaporation uses mechanical re-compression of the vapor evolved and since glucose is heat sensitive the process is conducted in a vacuum produced by a vacuum pump, C-1. The first evaporation stage is carried out in two steps; in the first step, energy is transferred to the solution in the boiler to evaporate some water concentrating the glucose. In the next step vapor and liquid are separated in a phase separator. After the

The Internationalization and Brand Development of HuaWei Dissertation

The Internationalization and Brand Development of HuaWei - Dissertation Example Organization which can adapt itself with the changing business needs and scenarios are in a greater position to remain sustainable and competitive in the long term. This particular project dissertation has the title of internationalization as well as brand development of Huawei. It is important to mention that in this particular case, the influence of the factors of internationalization as well as brand development has to be researched in connection to the brand of Huawei. While doing the literature review, it was realized that the concepts of internationalization as well as brand development are very intrinsic in nature. In order to get a better understanding of the influence of the two in regards to the Chinese global brand, it is important to take the views of the people who are deeply associated and integrated with the process of the firm. As a result, a research question was developed to understand the influence of internationalization and brand development of Huawei and how it helped in achieving the dominance of the brand in the global markets. This dissertation based project in the course of progress will take into account, the factor of considering a primary based research and proper analysis of the collected data, so that significant amount of justice can be done to the research question, that has been framed. Introduction The world of the 21st century is moving at a fast pace. The fast pace of advancement of the modern day world is more on the lines of rapid change and tremendous development. It is of high importance to mention that the evolution of the telecommunication technology along with the process of evolution of high speed internet and various kinds of technology enabled gadgets has resulted in the process of playing a tremendous amount of influence in the lives of the masses around the world. It needs to be mentioned that because of the lines of emergence of high speed internet connectivity, the network of communication channels has improved in a drastic manner all over the world. The internet has played a major role in the process of creating the channels of communication in the various regions of the developed as well as the developing economies. It can be rightly said that it is of considerable importance to highlight that this technology powered development has resulted in the process of transformation of the globe, where the entire world can be represented and increasingly seen as a single and well connected global entity. Because of this technology powered transformation of the world around us, there has always been a steady evolution of various kinds of

International Business and Global Strategy Essay

International Business and Global Strategy - Essay Example As labor productivity rises, cost of production falls and producers profit rises (Baumol & Blinder, 2010). This leads to hike in overall wage rate in the economy. With rise in profit, there is technological advancement in the productive process and also capital per worker rises since the producer gets the incentive to expand production. This again boosts labor productivity (Bruce, 2004). When NAFTA was signed this fact raised concern since with lower productivity per worker the Mexican industries would deteriorate under free trade. 2. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem explains that when a country engages in trade with another country, it would export those goods that utilize higher quantity of those factors of production, that are available in abundance in the country and would import those goods, production of which require relatively higher amounts of factor that is relatively scarce in the country (Arora, 2007). In simple terms, a country would export capital intensive commodities if th e capital to labor ratio is higher in the country compared to labor to capital ratio (Cherunilam, 2008). However, there is considerable debate regarding the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. ... , although the United States has been acknowledged as a capital abundant country since the time of World War 2, it imports capital-intensive goods while exporting labor-intensive goods (Iastate, n.d.). Several economists have tried to provide an explanation for this paradoxical result, including Leontief himself. One reason behind this result is the notion of demand reversal. According to this concept, the US has relatively higher preference for capital intensive commodities. This raises price of capital while the price of labor is ultimately lower than capital. This indicates that US follows the H-O theorem while exporting labor intensive goods. Secondly, it is also argued that the US is a skill abundant country. Therefore, following the H-O theory the US exports labor intensive commodities. Although these explanations corroborate the H-O theorem, it is undoubted that the theorem in its own accord falls short of describing the pattern of international trade. Most of the assumptions underlying this theory are not realistic, such as; all countries do not have identical technology of production and all production processes do not follow constant returns to scale. Hence, according to my opinion, the H-O theorem needs to be reframed so as to be able to make more accurate predictions about international trade. 3. Flexible exchange rate system refers to the monetary system in which rate of exchange between two currencies belonging to two different countries is determined by market forces, i.e., the â€Å"forces of demand and supply† (Siddaiah, 2010, p. 43) existing in these countries. This system of determination of exchange rate between two currencies allows the foreign exchange market to determine actual worth of a currency. Therefore, changes automatically occur in the

Communication knowdgen Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication knowdgen - Assignment Example Workplace communication for the 21st century: Tools and strategies that impact the bottom line: V.1: Internal workplace communication; v.2: External workplace communication. 2010. Choice Reviews Online, 50-6291. 18 The company maintains an efficient and continuous communication with the city inhabitants and its clients. It issues news releases  to the local media with significant information on the city issues and services. The news releases are posted here at the exact time when they are passed to reports (Hamilton City Improvement Society, organized 2004, p.88). Persons interested in knowing more about Hamilton can contact the company’s communication officers. 22 Employees and clients are often invited to attend the Public meetings and consultation sessions. These are usually hosted in the city of Hamilton and comprise a many public consultations on a varied series of local and city-wide subjects (Hamilton City Improvement Society, organized 2004, p.88). The company values the publics view and hopes to get informative debates with inhabitants, companies, and other major stakeholders from allover of the City. 23 There are many forms of print communication, involve all forms of printed literature with relevant business information (Curtis 2009, p.11). They range from newsletters, microfiche, books, microfilm to periodicals.   24 Perrigot, R., Kacker, M., Basset, G., & Cliquet, G. (2012) Antecedents of Early Adoption and Use of Social Media Networks for Stakeholder Communications: Evidence from Franchising*. Journal of Small Business Management, 539-565. 36 Workplace communication for the 21st century: Tools and strategies that impact the bottom line: V.1: Internal workplace communication; v.2: External workplace communication. 2010. Choice Reviews Online, 50-6291. 36 When starting any business organization, it is crucial to assess the most relevant methods of managing information and knowledge requirements. It is also important to define the

Self assignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Self assignment - Term Paper Example result, I like to come up with new ways of solving problems, and this often calls for innovation, as such I would like to think of myself as an innovative individual. However, sometimes I tend to go overboard and end up making matter worse with my â€Å"innovation† this is because I can get distracted and in my attempt to use new ways ignore old ones which may be better and more convenient. As I grew up, I was an avid reader of books and I often tried to practice some of the ideas I learnt in real life or to improve on them. For example, in junior high school, I along with 3 of my classmates won the annual science prize for coming up with a homemade solar powered lamp and water heater made from locally available materials including old disused solar panels. This attributes can be explained by my IEI, emotional intelligence test which were rated ENTP, this means I am a creative resourceful and broad minded individual quick on his feet and I can think about a wide range of issues objectively. New ideas exited me and I do not shy away from debating on any issue, since I have no inhibitions about offering my opinion accepting criticism or even giving some. In the IIC5 test, it emerged that I am a patient and strategic individual; I can spend hours on end mulling on a problem until I come up with a solution, as a result, I believe in looking for easier ways of carrying out tasks, but I do not cut corners or ignore protocol in for the sake of quick results. This is because to me it was worth taking time and effort to get good final result than to rush over cutting corners only to come up with substandard answers. This is an approach I have tried and tested over the years more so in my studies where I prefer to strategize patiently and always have a contingency plan in case the original one does not work. Despite this, I sometimes procrastinate and self-deceive that I am being patient while in reality am just avoiding to tackle a problem head on especially when I feel

Values And The American Culture Essay Example for Free

Values And The American Culture Essay The values that drive American culture as such are their ability to assess almost all of its situational issues boosting the ease with which they were able to adjust to changeable life conditions making sure the link of its race. This constitutes American behaviors, its mores and traditions which were handed down through generations with little modifications. This is its own culture. Like their gestures, eating habits, drinking habits, sex, and laughter which are all personality indicators are likewise their cultural markers. Even their food preferences and attitudes toward food which necessarily reveals their inner self is also a display of their culture, because food plays an important role in the lives of all people beyond its obvious one, a necessity. Sam Keen cites Geoffrey Gorer: the most significant common traits in these peaceful societies are that they all manifest enormous gusto for concrete physical pleasureeating, drinking, sex, laughterand they, they all make very little distinction between the ideal characters of men and women, particularly that they have no ideal of brave, aggressive masculinity ( Watters 2005), reminds me in particular of a proof of American culture having been developed through generations of varying grades of adjustments and alterations to continue to live and survive in the midst of fierce environmental situations. I think this is what most American teen-agers call an attitude of being cool! Normally however, things happen because something else took place, consequently, events takes place; a battery of events, a domino effect, because there are only few things that come to pass all by themselves. The above citation also reveals a view of a society that is exactly the living portraits of their ancestors; a society that is composed of people who are just as weak as those who nurtured them or the other way around. They look like disconcerted, unsettled group at one point; of what appears to be simpleton in ignorance for men and women alike can rise above the limits of physicality in determination to achieve the optimum level, a better and compromising society. That men and women alike can rise above carnality to supersede poor human idiosyncrasies and egocentricities. That men and women alike are capable of rising above the meager desires of the flesh. In other words, it is a pity, for these is how this particular group of people has been nurtured. The prayer of the poor souls by Mark Twain is indicative of that particular generation weakness in personalities. In this 21st century, who would rush out to applaud soldiers going to war? Who would go to church and pray that the soldiers be safe? People would think of it as a sickening idea. However, in the past that was their last recourse in the midst of tribulations for a prayerful congregation that seems to be lost and in need of some supreme powers to overtake the opponents, whose reasons for warfare is not so clear, who have no alternative but to suffer the chills of the uncertain, mercy from the Supreme Being for the children’s lives that will be lost including their very dreams, all of it is simply the result of their foolish obsessions. It was a reflection of the achievements in education and technology of the time. Praying for the security of forces in times of war, a war which was usually conducted as a result of overt desire for what is transient and materialistic, a war that simply runs counter to the ideals of preservation of life even at the fetal stages, for even in the most difficult problems in science and mathematics there are almost always solutions, there are those born physically defective that are even helped to bring about normal living. Bravery could have meant patience, learned, forgiving, persevering and endurance overlooking the mistakes of others, talking about matters on the tables of logic and reason, sourcing-out what can be afforded whether intellectual or material. For going to war is a mere reflection of bravery in cowardice, it is illiteracy in the midst of modernizing technology, it means plummeting economy, bankruptcy, too elementary an idea of hiding in the power of guns and bullets, the manly relief of those who have frustrations in their younger days. Why pray for those who go to war? Let them be, and let their desires be fulfilled to the fullest and let us see what beneficial results it would bring. War on the other hand is a balancing factor; its mortality factor is justifiable (Miller Levine 2002). The population must be equated with its resources. Otherwise, everyone will suffer for lack. It is a way of getting rid of what is surplus. Painful maybe as it seem, but, that is one glaring generality of a truth which people have to learn and accept. For if human population increase is merely brought about by desire and lust without considerations of the intellectual nature of people, then there must be some way to balance the situation without necessarily putting forth in public the real reasons for going to war. Mead presupposes that there are really people who are avid at inventions, eager to go to war (Watters 2005). This is simply just like a fashion show of prowess and might, a beguiling entrepreneur masking the motivations of greed, a game of the ignorant for in it there is no virtue. It is the making of the poor in spirit a dangerous invention of murky imaginations, an out-dated social waste. Of warfare’s and duels and fights are the painful consequences of improper family breeding, wrong values at the wrong places (Watters 2005). A concrete illustration of the concept of culture as eventualities can be seen through Samuel Langhorne Clemens life (Mark Twain 2006). From the time he was born until when he was a writer, where he made clear his fine evolution on how things were with him that brought about his totality as a person, an American personality. At one point in his life he used aliases, pseudonyms, and allegories to show major happenings and events that molded him into being. He could have been blunt and straightforward. But, looking back at his childhood years where he grew up moving from place to place as his family moved, adapting constantly to constant ecological changes, orphaned from a mother’s tender loving care, model by an uncompromising father, growing up with a bully aunt, which strained him to be smart at his age, in his own little way. He felt none in his family could be a confidante to a witnessed absurdity, to comfort him in dire need of a shield, to listen to his stories, to guide him through his journeys. Better are the hens and the chicks, the cats and its kittens, the dogs and its puppies, and the birds and its nestlings, even the lions and its cubs does have their own bonding ways. So, at the outset, he has to deal with his fears, deal with his own problems, and gain his own wits, create his own little world for a young boy at his age, pushing him to make decisions of his own to secure his life. Pity, but the prices of sternness, negligence in family responsibilities, bully, poverty, economic instability, politics, and war, has to be paid for tremendously, by the horrifying lives of those left behind to pursue an undefined journey. Does this mean life in America is indifference? Life is not that easy and rosy. Tom who is the male counterpart of various animals and Sawyer who saws timber (Merriam-Webster Inc. 2004) nicks across the very soul of Samuel Clemens, a reality of how one person can become because of the many and various factors that are sometimes, somehow, are beyond ones control. Nature as they say have its own ways of making a man, and molding him accordingly. Another life clarifies what brought about the American culture. Contrary to those fairytales, Louisa May Alcott as a teenager was riddled with the necessities early in life. She was supposed to be left at that young age to be bemused by the fleeting amenities of a young lady. But, the burden of working in the shadows of her dreams to bring about the basics of life seemed just inevitable to her. Multitasking was the name of her game to help finance her family needs. It is a show of the ability of women to find ways and means to sustain life. She was not bitter though. The story was also an eye-opener and disappointment to realize how some men are narrow in outlook in putting up with a simple family needs for sustenance. She pursued the unknown fields with tenacity to success, allayed fears and troubles. In her story â€Å"Little Men†, she bared another of the wholesome American family and its spirit, the willingness of granting opportunities to those in needs, without necessarily prejudicing family interest, without setting too many rules, making life easy and desirable (Alcott 1986). It also depicts the truth that more is given to some, and to others are less, and only the poor and the weak are the justification of the wealthy. To those who are given more, a lot more is required of them. Others may not realize this. But, others does, especially those who give themselves time to reflect for whatever comes and whatever leaves them. George W. Renwick, A Fair Go for All: Australian/American Interactions, 1991, wrote: The value systems of Australians and Americans combine competitive and cooperative strands, but in different ways. The Australian harmonizes them while the Americans see them as mutually exclusive and is torn between them. Americans are always ready to put themselves in competition with the group or groups to which they belong; it is often â€Å"either the group or me. † For the Australian it is the group and me, with a great deal of personal privacy as well. † Australians search for ways to collaborate with the competition while Americans seeks ways to â€Å"beat† it. The American position seems to be that too much cooperation weakens one’s advantage. This may stem, in part, from the different ways such values are inculcated. Much is made of mandatory participation in team sport in Australian schools. Americans place more emphasis on the outstanding individual and early on learn â€Å"spectatorism,† with its powerful identification with the few superior performers. Finally, another attribute which drives American culture is their preference to physical evidence and eyewitness testimony. They see facts as the supreme kind of evidence. Popular best-selling books weave their tales by giving clues to the appearance of physical evidence or fact: a button that is torn-off a sleeve, a telephone answering machine, a caller ID, and a bank-book of regular deposits or withdrawal, are all pieces of evidence from where American behavior, motivation and values are apparent (Lustig 1996). References Alcott, Luisa. Little Men. U. S. A: A Signet Classic. 1986. Lustig, Myron W. and Jolene Koester. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures.US: Harper Collins College Publishers. 1996. Miller, Kenneth R. Biology. Upper Saddle River: N. J. Prentice Hall. 2002. Renwick, George W. A Fair Go For All: Australian/American Interactions. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. 1991. Tan, Amy. Fish Cheeks. New York: Ivy Books. 1989. The Merriam Webster Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusettes. Merriam-Webster Inc. 2004. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. (ed. Unabridged). New Delhi. UBSPD. (Original work published in 1876). 2006. Watters, Ann. Global Exchange. U. S. A: Stanford University. 2005.

Water resources management in India

Water resources management in India CHAPTER III India is facing a serious problem of natural resource scarcity, especially that of water in view of population growth and economic development[1]. The annual average rainfall in the Indian terrain is a healthy 1869 cu/Km[2] which is much more the world average. The rainfall in India shows a very high spatial and temporal variability[3]. That indeed is the reason for water resource management becoming a complex affair in India, for, the rainfall that is received during this short period has to be distributed for a variety of activities. Traditionally India has been agriculture based economy and hence is the importance of development of irrigation schemes so as to reduce the dependence on ground water by effective utilisation of the river waters. The annual potential groundwater recharge from rainfall in India is about 342.43 Km3, which is 8.56 % of the total annual rainfall of the country[4]. While rain is a vital source of water for almost the whole of the Indian peninsula, the snowmelt from the glaciers of the Himalayan belt is a significant contributor to the water source to the valley parts and the foothill region of the Himalayas. While an exact value of water resources of the country is a difficult ask, estimates of the water resources has been done in a comprehensive manner by the Ministry of Water Resources. An analysis of the resources gives a very rosy picture, however the complexities involved in harnessing the resources in an optimum manner is what is causing nightmares to the ministry. There is a need t o ensure a delicate balance between the inflows to the water resources of a region and the outflow components. The National Water Policy[5] stipulates that the total quantity of nations ground water pumped out must be limited to annual recharge. Scientist using NASAs Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have determined that ground water in North Western region of India is decreasing at a alarming rate[6]. If the ground water table goes down the government will be forced to think of alternatives which is more efficient use of river waters. The facts state that though water resource availability is adequate till year 2020 but because of the current rate of growth of the population the availability will become critical after 2020. Also the fact that India will be forced to look at other sources of river water than those granted by the IWT. Drought The drought prone area assessed in the country is of the order of 68% of the total land mass[7] which is roughly equivalent to 51.12 Mha[8] . Many interior parts of peninsular India, such as the Deccan plateau, Southern and Central India come under the grips of dry spells even in the monsoon season itself due to scanty rainfall. Drought is not the result of a single cause, but a cumulative effect of many causes. Not only the availability of water for irrigation of agricultural lands is acutely hit, but also the day to day human life is subjected to inconvenience due to shortage of water for personal use. History has chronicled several droughts in India, and no part of India has escaped dry spells due to failure of monsoons and the resultant drought. A disturbing fact as an offshoot of drought conditions is that even crime rates such as robbery and looting steeply increase, as a sequel to the migration of people affected by drought looking for a decent life, but taking to unsocial activities in the absence of job opportunities. Also it is during these times that sharing of river water by riparian states is a cause for concern. What is paradoxical is that states which have a long coastline or lesser water resources at their areas have not taken any steps to come out of this problem by way of concentrating on desalination, drip irrigation, rain harvesting changing crop pattern requiring less water etc. Drought prone areas in India The total area affected by inadequate rainfall is a little over one million square kilometres. The areas which are drought prone are Thar Desert terrain, Kalahandi- Koraput belt, areas such as North Arcot, (Tamil Nadu) Anantpur and Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh) Bellary and Bijapur (Karnataka) Osmanabad and Aurangabad ( Maharastra).[9] Most of the areas in this rain shadow zone is densely populated with hard working, knowledgeable and enterprising people. There are several towns having more than 100,000 population, besides innumerable villages situated in this zone. Sparse vegetation, Pediment type of wastelands and deep levels of ground water table make life difficult in these places. Wastelands dominate over cultivable fields and in the cultivable lands too only one crop is grown in an year. Proper water management in this terrain is capable of transforming the arid to semi arid conditions to a highly productive areas This area is ideal for drip/ sprinkler irrigation to reclaim the drou ght affected areas. Examples exist as is done at Israel. A few more pockets of chronic drought prone areas are- Ramanathpuram and Thirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu, the linear corridor between Coimbatore and Pallakad and the Saurashtra and Kachchh regions of Gujrat. Also reports of arable lands situated slightly further away from the flood plains and the Deltaic regions of Ganges, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery rivers coming under the grip of water scarcity for agricultural activities. Locations like Kodaikanal, Udhagamandalam and Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu,[10] and Dehradun and Mussorie in Uttaranchal are examples of excessive human interference leading to unsustainable urban development and decadent imbalance in availability of water resources in areas otherwise known for copious rainfall. A generation ago farmers in Gujrat used bullocks to lift water from shallow wells in leather buckets. Now farmers draw water from 300 metres below ground using electrical pumps. According to state water officials, water tables are dropping by 6 metres every year. India had a pump revolution in the last four decades and farmers have drilled approximately 21 million tube wells into the saturated strata beneath their fields. Every year farmers bring another million wells into service mostly outside the control of state irrigation authorities.[11] These pumps powered by subsidised electricity work day and night to irrigate fields of more water consuming crops like rice, sugarcane and alfalfa. The problem is serious and severe and keeping in view that agriculture is the backbone of our economy, replenishment methods like placing numerous dams across river beds, water harvesting and water shed schemes to recharge our underground resources besides flood management need to be given the right impetus. In crop production there is a need to encourage modern methods of irrigation. In spite of an abundance of water resources it has not been easy for the state to tap these resources. Discussion of internal water disputes is far beyond the scope of the dissertation and is therefore not being mentioned; however one disagreement due to the distribution of water of the Indus river system is worth having a look. Disagreement over the sharing of river waters from the Indus river system has been one of the major causes of the violent secession movement in the Punjab province of India in the 1980s and 1990s. This Sikh dominated province has been traditionally provided with a water supply from the Beas, Sutlej and Ravi Rivers. The demands of the downstream provinces of Rajasthan and Haryana persuaded the Indian government to construct canals and divert 60 per cent of Punjabs water and energy to Hindu majority regions[12]. This became a major point of confrontation due to which insurgency was encouraged. Water Demand and Resource Management If the total water availability in India is analysed that the logical conclusion would be that that there is adequate water for all. However water availability on the Indian subcontinent is strongly influenced by a number of climatic and geographic factors. Together these combine to provide India with enough freshwater to meet the various demands arising from the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. However, the actual distribution of water resources over space and time limits access to certain geographic regions and during a few months of the year. Government policies and economic incentives have also influenced the water distribution and consumption across India[13] Alarming Scarcity of Water in India, NK Garg and Q Hassan, Current Science Vol 93 No 7 10 Oct 2007. National Water Resource at a Glance Wrmin.nic.in accessed on 18 Nov 2009 Rakesh Kumar, R D Singh K D Sharma Water Resources of India Ibid p4. Indian Ministry of Water Resources, National Water Policy. Retrieved 09 Nov 2009 from www.nic.in/writereaderdata/linkimage/nwp2002.pdf GRACE reveals ground water depletion in India. Retrieved on 11 Dec 2009 from www.environmentalresearchweb.org Drought in India , Challenges and Initiatives, p5 , PACS Programme 2001-08 Water Resources of India, Rakesh Kumar, RD Singh and KD Singh, Current Science, Vol 89, No 5 , Sep 2005 ,pp794. H Sarvotham, Water Resources Augmentation, Management Policies p45. Peter P Molinga, On The Waterfront,p61. Harendar Raj Goutam Water Crisis and Rain Water Harvesting Kurukshetra Quaterly p4. Managing Water Conflicts by Ashok Swain , pp 21 Water privatization and Implications in India, Anitha Sampath , Association for Indias Development.

Descartes And Nietzsche Views On Human Nature Philosophy Essay

Descartes And Nietzsche Views On Human Nature Philosophy Essay The French philosopher, Renee Descartes wrote his famous book Meditations on First Philosophy and first published in 1641. The book consists of six meditations where Descartes writes all his beliefs, queries and concerns about the uncertain things and the things that he is sure about. In his meditations, he discussed the human nature and the human beings in depth explaining his belief that mind and body are separate and his famous cogito I think, I exist. First of all, the human nature for Descartes is composed of mind and body and how they are distinct from each other. In the Sixth mediation Concerning the Existence of Material Things and the Real distinction between Mind and Body, Descartes mentioned that the body and the soul are not alike and called his thesis mind-body dualism. The mind- Body dualism explains that the body and mind can perceive things clearly apart from each other because God creates everything distinct and independent from each other. He referred to the mind as I; therefore he reached an argument that he is a thinking thing A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling and also imagines and has sensory perceptions (Descartes). Therefore, the mind is a non-extended thing, indivisible clear and different from the body while the body is an extended, divisible and non thinking thing. The nature of a body for Descartes can understand and perceive the shape of other bodies. The essence or the nature of the mind can distinguish between the power of imagination and understating where imagination is the picturing of things and understanding is the perception of things without comprehension. The second view of Descartes was concerning the human being; he referred to the cogito I think, I exist as being the essence of the existence of a human being. Therefore, a human being exists and is capable of thinking; Descartes affirms that a human being is a substantial union , a unified entity of a body and mind where each on e of them is separate and this assumption leads to the human nature and the distinction between body and mind. He also argued that a something exists because there is something already exists and creates it; this leads to his arguments about the existence of God as being perfect who creates a human being. We, as human beings, are not infinite or perfect beings and we are susceptible of committing errors and mistakes because we dont have the unlimited ability to recognize the truth. Referring to Friedrich Nietzsche and his book twilight of the Idols, he was against the philosophy of Descartes the mind- body dualism and that the body and mind are separate and also rejected the Christianity doctrines which deny the ideology of a human being. He affirms that the mind and body are one entity and are one aspect of the nature of human beings. He mentioned that a human being can define himself by having the will to life which leads to the will to power. He described the will to power as being the driving force for achievement and leadership by the human beings in face of the miseries of human nature. The doctrines of Nietzsche regarding the will to power and the will to life contradict the doctrines of Christianity; therefore, Nietzsche was against Christianity as being an anti-life weak. Christianity teachings promote self-sacrifice, devotion and quietude which denies the values of human being and their driving force will to power. He also mentioned that human beings are having innate human natures and desire. The desires existing within us form and define the state of the human being; a reasonable, strong human being can control himself and avoid drawbacks in life and a weak human being is the one who doesnt have self-control and denies these desires or passions. Therefore, Nietzsche concludes that a human have to accommodate with his human nature and passions which eventually leads to the greatest moralities. Based on the two platonic dialogues (Apology and Phaedo), discuss the relationship of the philosopher with the polis. In addition to the political community of the City of Athens, Socrates is pointing to another community, what do you think is the significance of this Socratic gesture? The polis is the city-state of the Greek civilization; the city states in Greece were small communities and were male-dominated. The citizens of the polis were the elite groups while slaves, peasants, women and resident aliens were not part of the structure of citizens. The citizens involvement in the Polis was directed towards politics, intellectual discussions and art contributions. The Greek philosophers examined basic questions such as the nature of good and evil, the after-life, wisdom and other issues. The art of politics was closely related to the logos or logic; the polis witnessed the management of language, the excellence of speeches, the discussions of the polis issues. The relation between the philosopher and the polis was an unstable relation due to the corruption of the Greek polis and the unjust ruling of the elite groups. Plato and Aristotle were the most famous and well-known philosophers at that time and they had a great influence on the Greek polis. As we know Plat o was a student of Socrates therefore he was influenced by his teacher to the greatest extent. The affection of Socrates on Plato is clear and plain in Platos dialogues. Plato showed his interest in the polis in his book the republic by discussing the necessary fundamentals of a welfare society; the spiritual, mental and physical development of one citizen contributes to the overall benefit of one society. In The Republic, Plato discussed many topics for example justice, ethics, nature of politics and statesmanship. He also critiqued the existing status of the polis, its institutions and its political order. For Plato, the polis is ruled by self-interest rulers (elite groups) who are seeking lust in power and strength, thus the polis is disordered community ruled by self-interest rulers who claim possessing the knowledge but in fact they are ignorant, unwise and do not how to rule or govern the citys affairs because they are driven by their desires and appetites for power. Referring to Socrates trial, Plato condemned the rulers of the polis and so called the Athenian democracy upon the death of Socrates. Aristotle in his famous book Politics expressed his views concerning the Polis or the Greek community. He classified the government as being: monarchy or tyranny, aristocracy or oligarchy, law abiding or lawless democracy. Aristotle also explained the prevailing problems in the polis concerning the poverty and slavery; he saw that the best performing polis is the city that combines between democracy, legitimacy and just rules. Obviously, the Greek polis at that time was lacking the three components of Aristotles beliefs about a welfare and prosperous polis. Aside from Plato and Aristotle, the sophists were part of the Greek community; they were responsible of teaching the Athenians sons for a free. They were excellent in rhetoric and speech skills; they possessed the art of public speaking and the persuasion skills too; the least the sophists cared about was t he truth. In Platos dialogues, Socrates addressed the Men of Athens as a corrupt community who are ignorant and do not know how to govern the city justly under fair rules. The community which Socrates is part of was corrupt, condemning him to a death sentence because of allegations made by Meletus and his followers. Socrates was accused falsely as being a bad teacher who is poising the youths minds and not believing in the god and goddesses of Athens. For Socrates, the Athenian Community was a lawless community controlled by judges who dont apply the law that they sworn to do. He also pointed to another community which evokes inquires and questions of Socrates along the two dialogues; it was the community where Socrates can find justice, tranquility and fairness with dead true judges. He described them in his queries about the after-life; Socrates said in his trial that he is not afraid of death. He described death an easy and a blessing thing from God; he also was conceived that a good man cannot be harmed in life or death and his good deeds and affairs will save him in the afterlife. He also believed that he will be moved to a peaceful place where he will be re-united with the dead community who has good deeds too in heaven. He was content that he will be in the companion of famous and wise heroes like Orpheus and Musaeus, Hesiod and Homer and will continue practicing his philosophy with them. Finally, I think that the significance of the Socratic gesture about the dead community is his way of trying to glorify the concept of death as being a benevolent and peaceful thing not a tragedy or fearful as the living community think who lamented on his death sentence and his separation from the living world. He also tries to picture that the other place in after life is a perfect place where he will be meet honest women and men which is totally opposite to the Greek community as being corrupt and unlawful at that time.

Critical Review on the Iliad :: essays research papers

Nature’s Force   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simone Weil, a French writer, explores the depth and motive of why and how we do the things we do. In this critical review, Weil elucidates the role of force in the Iliad. It is exceptionally difficult to put into words the meaning that Weil gives force. When she defines it, she states, â€Å"it is that x that turns anybody who is subjected to it into a thing† (331). When I first read this, I did not comprehend what she meant by it. As Weil refers to force, she uses in the context of war and the taking of lives in the Iliad. This force takes away all natural abilities. Weil explains how all living things respond to stimuli. The muscles in our body have reactions to things that take place in our environment. The force that she is trying to define is one that takes away this ability to respond. In war, a soldier must look past the pain that he is causing in taking another human being’s life. Weil suggests that this is as if life is being removed from the body of this soldier, resulting in a breathing corpse. Remorse becomes an overlooked emotion and all sensation vanishes. Does this not constitute a corpse, when all ability to respond to what is going on around him has departed; therefore taking away the very factor that defines a living object? When examining force by means of killing others, this force does not only have an effect on the victim, but also on the conqueror. â€Å"Force is as pitiless to the man who possesses it, or thinks he does, as it is to its victims; the second it crushes, the first it intoxicates† (332). Weil goes on to say that force is not really a retainable thing. All persons, weak and strong, have to at one point in their life relinquish control to force. No one is exempt. She points to Achilles as an example. When he is killing Hector, he is holding the force against Hector to take his life. On the other hand, when Agamemnon purposely degrades Achilles by taking his war prize, Achilles goes to be alone and weep in his humiliation. A force knocks him down as he knocked his opponent Hector down. To show the cycle, we find Agamemnon weeping just a few days later as a result of a force.

Gender Roles and Stereotypes Explored in Judy Manns The Difference and

Gender Roles and Stereotypes Explored in Judy Mann's The The Difference: Growing Up Female in America and Bernard Lefkowitz's Our Guys Gender stereotypes are common in the United States today, even though many men and women have been working hard to defeat it. The task is made difficult however, when society in general implants the idea of gender roles into the mind of a child. Two authors, Judy Mann of The Difference and Bernard Lefkowitz of Our Guys face the issue of gender roles and stereotypes, and how they affect our lives today. Our Guys focuses on the way that young boys are brought up by society by telling the true story of a group of Glen Ridge, New Jersey teenage boys who sexually assaulted a young retarded girl. Neither the boys nor the townspeople saw what they did as wrong, and tried everything in their power to get them acquitted. They were however, fighting for the wrong cause. It was the boys’ parents and society itself that gave the teens the illusion that they, as males, should be given free range and power over those weaker than themselves. From the time these boys in question were born, their parents and their environment (including the composition of their nuclear families, i.e. ratio of males to females) made them kings. They were privileged teens and the fact that they were male made them even more so. All the ‘jocks’ involved were angels in their mothers’ eyes, who was in most cases, the only female influence in their lives and not a very good one at that (1 35). The Glen Ridge boys, affectionately known to their peers as "our guys", were brought up as stereotypical boys, worsened by the "boys will be boys" attitude adopted by their parents, teachers and neighbors (Lefkowitz, 73). This ... ...only accepted stereotypes are not based in reality at all, and that these stereotypes are harmful to everyone, not just the victims of being typecast. This conclusion is correct in all senses. Judy Mann’s book shows that the only real difference between men and women are their reproductive organs (24). Many professionals support this fact, but not society. Bernard Lefkowitz’s retelling of what happened to the young girl in Glen Ridge, New Jersey shows that believing that women are inferior can have terrifying repercussions. Society’s perception of people and the practice of labeling based on gender must be eliminated in order for women and men to live equally. These books simply help to make more people aware of the problem, which is only part of the solution. Works Cited Mann, Judy. The Difference: Growing up Female in America. New York: Warner, 1994.

Instructor’s Resources Essay

1.Philosophy Behind the Strategic Management Course Strategic Management is the capstone course for business administration majors. Students learn new strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation concepts and techniques. Students use this new knowledge, coupled with knowledge acquired from other courses, to chart the future direction of different organizations. Strategic Management students analyze firms in different industries, make objective strategic decisions for companies, and justify those decisions through oral or written communication. Students recommend strategies for the organizations studied and specify how those strategies could best be implemented. Strategic Management is a challenging and exciting course for students. Strategic Management is an interesting course to teach because the problems and issues of strategic management cover the whole spectrum of business, including finance, marketing, management, management information systems, production operations, economics, and statistics. Strategic management is an emerging and rapidly developing discipline. Weighing the pros and cons of alternative strategies entails a total enterprise perspective and a talent for judging how all relevant factors fit together. This is quite a contrast to other required and elective courses, which are generally concerned with a narrower, more specialized body of knowledge. Although the features of Strategic Management pose an instructional challenge, there is plenty of opportunity to make the study of strategic management the best course in the business curriculum. There are different ways to teach a good course in Strategic Management. Some instructors supplement the text with a management simulation game; some instructors assign outside readings; some use experiential exercises in class; and some instructors invite guest speakers to class. Most Strategic Management professors use cases. The amount of class time devoted to lecture and case analysis varies considerably among instructors. If you are experienced in teaching Strategic Management, you may have resolved many pedagogical issues to your own satisfaction. However, if this is the first time you are teaching Strategic Management, then the information provided in the next few pages could help you structure your own course. 2.Importance of Strategic Management Cases Strategic Management cases represent the most commonly used method for applying strategic-management concepts and techniques in different types and sizes of organizations. A Strategic Management case typically describes the external conditions and internal situation facing a firm and presents sufficient information to develop, analyze, and choose among alternative  strategies. Strategic Management can be a very exciting course with the use of just text and cases alone. The 29 Strategic Management cases in the Thirteenth edition of Strategic Management represent the most up-to-date compilation of cases ever assembled in a policy text. The cases cover a broad spectrum of business and industry situations. All of the cases in this text are undisguised. The cases are about real organizations and real people. Most of the cases concern well-known firms. Using the cases in this text, students do not have to put themselves back in time to understand the economic and political conditions surrounding the strategic decisions to be made. Students can go to their college library and easily find additional information to supplement all of the cases in this text. Students find current cases more interesting, more exciting, and more realistic than older cases. This fact adds a great deal of life and realism to Strategic Management when the Strategic Management text is used. All of the cases in this text have been class tested to ensure that they are interesting, challenging, and effective for illustrating strategic-management concepts. I believe you will find the collection of cases to complement any approach you use in teaching Strategic Management at the undergraduate or graduate level. You will also find the teachers’ notes in the Case Solutions Manual to be exceptionally well done. The 29 cases in this text are listed along with the respective case authors and their school affiliation. The industries represented by the cases are also given. The cases are listed below in the order in which they appear in the text. The case manual contains information about the topics that the individual cases cover. Cases Included in the Thirteenth Edition of the Textbook 1. Walt Disney Company — 2009, Mernoush Banton 2. Merryland Amusement Park — 2009, Gregory Stone 3. JetBlue Airways Corporation — 2009, Mernoush Banton 4. AirTran Airways, Inc. — 2009, Charles M. Byles 5. Family Dollar Stores, Inc. — 2009, Joseph W. Leonard 6. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. — 2009, Amit J. Shah and Michael L. Monahanat 7. Whole Foods Market, Inc. — 2009, James L. Harbin and Patricia Humphrey 8. Macy’s, Inc. — 2009, Rochelle R. Brunson and Marlene M. Reed 9. Yahoo! Inc. — 2009, Hamid Kazeroony 10. eBay Inc. — 2009, Lori Radulovich 11. Wells Fargo Corporation — 2009, Donald L. Crooks, Robert S. Goodman, and John Burbridge 12. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (KKD) — 2009, John Burbridge and Coleman Rich 13. Starbucks Corporation — 2009, Sharynn Tomlin 14. The United States Postal Service (USPS) — 2009, Fred and Forest David 15. National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) — 2009, Kristopher J. Blanchard 16. Goodwill of San Francisco, San Mateo and Marin Counties — 2009, Mary E. Vradelis 17. Harley-Davidson, Inc. — 2009, Carol Pope and Joanne Mack 18. Ford Motor Company — 2009, Alen Badal 19. Kraft Foods Inc. — 2009, Kristopher J. Blanchard 20. Hershey Company — 2009, Anne Walsh and Ellen Mansfield 21. Johnson & Johnson — 2009, Sharynn Tomlin, Matt Milhauser, Bernhard Gierke, Thibault Lefebvre, and Mario Martinez 22. Avon Products Inc. — 2009, Rochelle R. Brunson and Marlene M. Reed 23. Molson Coors — 2009, Amit J. Shah 24. PepsiCo — 2009, John and Sherry Ross 25. Pfizer, Inc. — 2009, Vijaya Narapareddy 26. Merck & Company Inc. — 2010, Mernoush Banton 27. Nike, Inc. — 2010, Randy Harris 28. Callaway Golf Company — 2009, Amit J. Shah 29. Chevron Corporation — 2009, Linda Herkenhoff A question that arises concerning cases is the appropriate number of cases to cover in an academic term. That can vary depending on factors such as whether a Strategic Management simulation game is used, how many written  comprehensive case analyses are assigned, whether the class is divided into teams of students, and whether outside readings, class speakers, or videotapes are used. I personally find 10 cases to be an appropriate amount to cover, as indicated in the course syllabus presented in a few pages. 3.The McDonald’s Cohesion Case This edition features a new Cohesion Case on McDonald’s Corporation. The Cohesion Case allows students to apply strategic-management concepts and techniques to a real organization as chapter material is covered in class. This integrative or cohesive approach readies students for case analysis. The Cohesion Case provides a continuous illustration of the interdependence of parts of the strategic-management process. Assurance of Learning Exercises at the end of each chapter apply concepts to the Cohesion Case. 4.Assurance of Learning Exercises This is about the only Strategic Management text that offers strategic-management Assurance of Learning Exercises both on-line and at the end of chapters. The end-of-chapter Assurance of Learning Exercises are designed to get students involved, to increase students’ interest in the course, and to aid students in learning how to apply important concepts and techniques. The Assurance of Learning Exercises allow students to test newly learned theories, concepts, and analytical techniques. The exercises also help students make the transition from school to work more easily. The Assurance of Learning Exercises can be used for homework assignments, individual class work, group assignments, or extra-credit work. They offer a great change of pace in class. On average, there are five exercises at the end of each chapter. A couple of the exercises apply chapter material to the McDonald’s Cohesion Case. At least one exercise applies chapter material to the student’s own college or university and at least one exercise instructs the student to contact or visit a local business to explore important strategic-management topics. You will not be able to do all of the Assurance of Learning Exercises, due to time limitations in class, but take the time to do as many as possible. I personally devote about 15 minutes of each class to Assurance of Learning Exercises and assign students one exercise homework assignment for each class. Ask students to put answers to the Assurance of Learning Exercises either in their notes or on a separate sheet of paper rather than writing in the text itself. This would present a problem in usage of the text in later semesters if answers to the exercises were written in the text. The Assurance of Learning Exercises Included in the Thirteenth Edition Chapter 1: Exercise 1A: Gathering Strategy Information Exercise 1B: Strategic Planning for My University Exercise 1C: Strategic Planning at a Local Company Exercise 1D: Getting Familiar with SMCO Chapter 2: Exercise 2A: Evaluating Mission Statements Exercise 2B: Writing a Vision and Mission Statement for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 2C: Writing a Vision and Mission Statement for My University Exercise 2D: Conducting Mission Statement Research Chapter 3: Exercise 3A: Developing an EFE Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 3B: The External Assessment Exercise 3C: Developing an EFE Matrix for My University Exercise 3D: Developing a Competitive Profile Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 3E: Developing a Competitive Profile Matrix for My University Chapter 4: Exercise 4A: Performing a Financial Ratio Analysis for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 4B: Constructing an IFE Matrix for McDonald’s Corporation Exercise 4C: Constructing an IFE Matrix for My University Chapter 5: Exercise 5A: What Strategies Should McDonald’s Pursue in 2011-2013? Exercise 5B: Examining Strategy Articles Exercise 5C: Classifying Some Year 2009 Strategies Exercise 5D: How Risky Are Various Alternative Strategies? Exercise 5E: Developing Alternative Strategies for My University Exercise 5F: Lessons in Doing Business Globally Chapter 6: Exercise 6A: Developing a SWOT Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6B: Developing a SPACE Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6C: Developing a BCG Matrix for McDonald’s Exercise 6D: Developing a QSPM for McDonald’s Exercise 6E: Formulating Individual Strategies Exercise 6F: The Mach Test Exercise 6G: Developing a BCG Matrix for My University Exercise 6H: The Role of Boards of Directors Exercise 6I: Locating Companies in a Grand Strategy Matrix Chapter 7: Exercise 7A: Revising McDonald’s Organizational Chart Exercise 7B: Do Organizations Really Establish Objectives? Exercise 7C: Understanding My University’s Culture Chapter 8: Exercise 8A: Developing a Product-Positioning Map for McDonald’s Exercise 8B: Performing an EPS/EBIT Analysis for McDonald’s Exercise 8C: Preparing Projected Financial Statements for McDonald’s Exercise 8D: Determining the Cash Value of McDonald’s Exercise 8E: Developing a Product-Positioning Map for My University Exercise 8F: Do Banks Require Projected Financial Statements? Chapter 9: Exercise 9A: Preparing a Strategy-Evaluation Report for McDonald’s Corp. Exercise 9B: Evaluating My University’s Strategies Chapter 10: Exercise 10A: Does McDonald’s Have a Code of Business Ethics? Exercise 10B: The Ethics of Spying on Competitors Exercise 10C: Who Prepares a Sustainability Report? Chapter 11: Exercise 11A: McDonald’s Wants to Enter Africa. Help Them. Exercise 11B: Does My University Recruit in Foreign Countries? Exercise 11C: Assessing Differences in Culture Across Countries Exercise 11D: How Well Traveled Are Business Students at Your University? 5. Description of the Supplements for the Thirteenth Edition Supplements are available for adopting instructors to download at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc. Registration is simple and gives the instructor immediate access to new titles and new editions. Pearson’s dedicated technical support team is ready to help instructors with the media supplements that accompany this text. The instructor should visit http://247.pearsoned.com/ for answers to frequently asked questions and for toll-free user support phone numbers. Supplements include: Instructor’s Manual—This manual includes lecture objectives, outlines, and answers to all end-of-chapter material and Assurance of Learning exercises. In addition, several supplemental Assurance of Learning exercises and answers are included. Case Instructor’s Manual—this solutions manual includes abstracts, discussion questions, and audits for each case. PowerPoint Presentations – The PowerPoint slides highlight text learning objectives and key topics and serve as an excellent aid for classroom presentations and lectures. Test Item File – This test bank features for each chapter on average 50 True/False questions, 50 Multiple-Choice questions, and 10 Essay questions with page references and difficulty level provided for each question. The Test Item File has been written specifically for this edition and is provided in MS Word, so that instructors can easily incorporate select questions into their own tests. TestGen (test-generating program) – The test bank is also available on TestGen, a test-generating program that allows instructors to add, edit, or  delete questions from the test bank; analyze test results; and organize a database of exams and student results. Videos on DVD—The DVD contains video segments that illustrate the most pertinent topics in management today and highlight relevant issues in the news, demonstrating how people lead, manage, and work effectively; ISBN 0-13-612547-6. Video Guide – The video guide provides a brief summary of each clip and suggested questions for discussion followed by possible answers. MyManagementLab – MyManagementLab provides help beyond homework with a range of assessment options and tutorial resources that help students learn from their mistakes. Allowing you to teach a course your way, use this as an out-of-the-box resource for students who need extra help, or take full advantage of its advanced customization options. For more information, go to www.mymanagementlab.com.

Business Plan for Sushi Restaurant

Business devise for Oyi-Shi Sushi eatery By Hongying Cai C eachplace letter Dear Investor Youre looking at a business concern aim for i of the finest and go around Sushi eating house what go out pull back stack place in down townsfolk Manhattan. The eating place is specific solelyy located at the principle Zero, where back in the aged(prenominal) days, the finest place. Right now the goernment is vex the World Trade pith, which means pie-eyed people argon coming back to down town Manhattan. This is a enceinte opportunity to go away a restaurant near the argona, since the tribe depart solidly ontogenesis due to the rising of a 105 stories skyscraper.Oyi-Shi sushi restaurant is design for consumer to father a relaxed and pleasant environment for brunch, lunch, keen hour, and dinner. We serve mixed bag style of Japanese sushi, Such as Aburi Sushi, Gunkan-Maki, Maki Sushi and Nigiri Sushi, Plus opposite selections of beverages. Oyi-shi restaurant impart be suitable to occupy over 40 guess, and a Bar, which ordain accommodate 15 people. decision maker Summary Sushi restaurant industry had adult enormously in United severalize during last decade. As of now days, at that place be approximately 30,000 throughout 50 states, There are over two hundred sushi restaurant located in saucy York.The purpose of this business plan is to honor investor or a partner to start shoot the business. Oyi-Shi Sushi Bar and Grill is a high-end sushi restaurant and bar located at Ground Zero, Seeking to provide customer with a pleasant environment for dinning or happy hours. Plus we would like to pay customer with our descent sushi catering and variety selection of sushi styles. association Back Ground Oyi-Shi sushi restaurant Inc. is a New York run aground corporation, Will be register nether the State of New York. Restaurant is initi each(prenominal)y found by HongYing Cai, and seeking to overhear a partner. Mr. Cai pass on obtain 55% of t he business.There are overwhelming competitions in restaurant business. In New York City, thither are over thousands of restaurant serving assorted food or caterings. An opposite rampart for sushi restaurant is raising price in seafood. According to IBIS World, sushi restaurant industry is lining a decline in gross of 3. 4% each year. However thither are still opportunities for sushi restaurant business. The object for rebuilding World Trade affection provide afford a significant increase of population in down town Manhattan. With increase in population thither is a need for food. steering Team Overall restaurant will be managed by HongYing Cai.I have over 7 years of working see to it in restaurant industry. Plus absolute majority of my relatives are restaurant owner, they can give away me advises on managing the restaurant. For chief, I will buy out 2 Japanese sushi chief, who had at least 5 years of experience on making sushi catering, plus 2 sushi helpers, with at lea st two year in experience. Well hire 7 hosts or waitress. 3 of them will doing daily shift, 4 of them will have the night shift, each of the waiter or waitress need to be very polite to the customer and unruffled in English, bonus if speaking other(a) language, Japanese or Chinese is preferred.Financial computer program There are no loans make in the starting of the business, all crackings had came from fo belows and the partner. worldwide assumptions of Federal levy calculate are around 33%, and sales tax revenue rate is around 5%. These tax rates are fixed for all 5 years projection. We similarly assume that the average sales of the restaurant increase about 15% each year. We also Assumes that the operating cost is around 45% of the good sold. course 1 grade 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 sales $1,440,000 $1,656,000 $1,904,400 $2,190,060 $2,518,569 Operating Cost $648,000 $745,200 $856,980 $985,527 $1133356 EBITA $792,000 $910,800 $1,047,420 $1,204,533 $1,385,213 Tax, In terest rate and $300,960 $346,104 $398,020 $457,723 $526,381 depreciations Net Profits $491,040 $564,696 $649,400 $746,810 $858,832 cracking call for Oyi-Shi sushi restaurant will start off with $400,000 capitals.Following table will show how this capital will be used discover Start off Cost initial Lease Payment and Deposits $50,000 Working Capital $150,000 FF&E $50,000 Leasehold Improvement $15,000 Security define $10,000 Opening supplies $15,000 gild vehicle and necessitate deposit $40,000 trade budget $50,000 various and Unforeseen Cost $20,000 Total $400,000 Marketing Plan The Objective of this merchandise plan is to maximize the visibility of the business in the surrounding area. By doing so, I will use a number of market placeing strategies that will allow the Sushi Restaurant to soft target men and women inside targeted market. These strategies allow in traditional print advertisements and discounts offered as a part of a grand open campaign . Below is a description of how the business intends to market its services to the general public.The guild also intends on hiring a topical anaesthetic public relations firm that will promote reviews and articles about the restaurant, its cuisine, and relevant hours of operation and pricing. I will invite topical anesthetic food critics to the Companys Sushi Restaurant location in order to hold positive publicity about the restaurant. The Company will maintain a good for you(p) amount of print and traditional publicize methods within local the local market to promote the sushi and Japanese cuisine products that the Company is selling. At the onset of operations, the Company will distribute an expansive number of coupons for bring down priced fare within local circulars arrangement Analysis I had picked area around Ground Zero, as the location of the Oyi-Shi Sushi restaurant.Primary reasons are rebuilds of World Trade Center. According to the style Authority of NY and NJ, this newly raising skyscraper is quintet major skyscrapers at downtown Atlanta, providing var. A Office space. Plus in that location will be worlds most significant memorials and museums, which means there are good amount of tourist. Reports from interface Authority of NY and NJ also indicated there will be 250,000 people and over 200,000 commuters using the World Trade Centers transportation hub. Manufacturing plan In order to provide customer with the best food, I decided to import the seafood and other goods needed to serve the customer every 3 days. I will have 3 big refrigerators to store these goods.Each of the refrigerators will be store with different goods, for example, all seafood will be store within one particular refrigerator with temperatures under the control to make sure the determine of the seafood is in good standing. Appendix Sushi Restaurants in the US Industry Market query Report Now Available from IBISWorld. PR Web. April 12, 2012. celestial latitude 10, 2012. http//www. prweb. com/releases/2012/4/prweb9393316. htm Sushi. Wikipedia. celestial latitude 15, 2012. December 15, 2012 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sushi World Trade Center A Roadmap Forward The Port Authority of NY and NJ. October 2, 2008. December 15, 2012. http//www. panynj. gov/wtcprogress/pdf/wtc_report_oct_08. pd

Aviation Expansion in the US

piece of cakewave enplaments atomic fall 18 grand spiriteder from each iodin year and they atomic number 18 deplaning into a organization that is already vestal and bulging. The industry must expand and reenforcement pace with this beginth al matchless this is world met with fierce underground. This paper introduces the immunity coalescencys and groups that atomic number 18 surmounting. It takes an in depth look at their number one concern, aircraft dissonance, and the effect it has on the healthyness of those in the topical anaesthetic airdrome communities. Several health studies ar cite and statistical information is offered through and through discover(a). Noise respite is addressed and future offshoot figures atomic number 18 offered.John Q. Public wants to aviate. He wants to fly in more(prenominal) numbers at present than ever in the put up. Forecasters explain that these numbers demo no manse of decreasing in the lift future. The only drawb ack to the industry is that the administration is already saturated and bulging. As the get hold of to fly continues to take-off, it is bringing with it serious delay, capacity, and environmental concerns. These issues must be addressed and answered before we can expand the breeze al-Qaeda. airdrome planners pitch several(prenominal) attainable shipway to accommodate and entirelyeviate the major concerns to the system, but everyone of them be facing fierce opposition from those that feel they, and their communities, bequeath be adversely affected.New runways, or extensions, chip in been proposed at 60 of the top 100 airdromes that range in the number of annual enplanements. Studies for b ar-assed airports have been conducted in New York, Boston, Seattle, San Diego, Chicago, and Miami, to attend a few (Wells, 1996). For nearly every organization that is steadfast on make or expanding existing airports, on that point ar a growing number of coalitions that counterb alance their ideas and ar ready to challenge them. to the highest degree are local groups and communities that are confronting the political bodies in their own air celestial orbits but on that point are a number of field groups and even world-wide groups forming. With the avail ability of the universe of discourse long Web, they are uniting in larger numbers and communicating their concerns with world-wide reach. Pointing your clear browser in the direction of every area pro be enlargement and you will rally numerous local groups and coalitions fighting to knock off it.One such(prenominal) group is reasonable air travel For Everyone, Inc. (SAFE). This is a coalition of item-by-item citizens groups and individuals in the New York City metropolitan area. SAFE is dedicated to stopping and reversing the environmental and health meetings of JFK, LaGuardia and Newark advertiseports. Vocal on many of the environmental troubles caused by airports, they are passing upset about a young decision to bring more aircraft through the airports in their area (SAFE theater varlet, 1998). In January 98, airlines were given exemptions to slot limitations, adding 21 special daily operations at the airport despite a federally enacted full(prenominal) Density Rule that places limits on the number of flights into and out of Kennedy, LaGuardia, and other major airports (Bertrand, 1998). SAFE is currently looking to expand their scope to visual modality nationally and internationally with the aircraft ruffle issue. nigh groups are set up for a specific cause, like that of the zephyrport Communities union (ACC) in Seattle, cap. They are oppose a proposal to add a trine runway to the Seattle-Tacoma International ventport (Sea-Tac). It was make in 1993 because thousands of race living in that respect claim that building a deuce-acely runway would ill diminish the feel of life in their communities and gain ground pollute their air and piss (ACC Ho me Page, 1998).The Seattle area similarly host the site of the regional management on drome personal matters (RCAA). The RCAA is a non-profit coalition of citizen groups and cities. They believe that further enlargement of Sea-Tac drome makes no sense, be too much, and does too much maltreat to too many flock. They favor demand management of the airport and support alternatives to expansion such as high make haste rail. They also are addressing airport dissension, air, and water pollution issues. The purpose of their Home Page is to provide citizens in King County, Washington State with the latest information on airport issues but, imperatively, they are providing citizens in airport equaled communities world-wide, with information and communication. They have an lofty supporting library and extensive colligate to other sites around the country (RCAA Home Page, 1998).One of the largest groups is the US-Citizens Aviation Watch (US-CAW). They are a national organization comprised of local airport groups, environmental organizations, and civic groups. They are concerned about tone, environment, public health and other quality of life issues link up to aviation operations. While claiming to be a national association, they are linked with established organizations in 26 countries throughout the world. US-CAWs mission is to touch base organizations and municipalities. Coalitions are forming from coast to coast. Their goal is to represent the interest of individual citizens (US-CAW Home Page, 1998).The crucify of these coalitions is non limited to just fence bare-assed airports or expansion issues. In areas where our military forces are drawing down, a viable option to building a naked as a jaybird airport would be to switch over a closing military airfield. topical anesthetic residents have even put up resistance in this endeavor. One causa is the growing concern over converting the unappealing El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in Orange County, California. The residents there have put up an dramatic opposition Internet site to slip away everyone informed on the issues. This Internet vex affords the on-line populous, growing by millions each year, to be a key stab away from getting involved. Their business and homeowner associations of the El Toro Coalition (ETC) favor non-aviation reuses for the field because there are at to the lowest degree eight airports with medium and long sweep up capability (five of which are international) within a 100 mile radius of El Toro (ETC Home Page, 1998).Another example is where the department of Defense (DOD) is considering transferring what was once Homestead Air Reserve Base to Dade County, FL. County officials plan to split up an international hub airport serving conspiracy Florida and competing directly with Miami International Airport. In reply to the proposed airport development project, a coalition of the countrys top environmental advocacy organizations successf ully mobilized in an effort to persuade the gabardine House to save Everglades National common world and other unique ecological treasures in the area (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1998). The project is promptly on hold.It doesnt mater where, why, or who is opposing expanding aviation al-Qaida, the issues are the same crossways their tally sheets. You dont have to be an environmental expert to understand there is an impact from aviation on a community. Air and water pollution, the impact on land values, health, and quality of life are all major issues. The most apparent environmental issue is that of echo and it appears to rank as the number one concern from opposition groups.No matter how well an airport serves its community, one of the most common complaints is the noise it produces. It has been the superior barrier to building a new airport or its expansion (Wells, 1996). Opposition groups contend that airport noise is not just a small-scale annoyance that people l iving near airports should be good sports about and distinguish to ignore. Outside of the fact that it is a surcharge nuisance, aircraft noise may be posing more of a health problem than it suggest.In a field of honor by the Health Subcommittee of the Environmental Impact direction of the Regional Coalition on Airport Affairs, Dr. Dennis Hansen reported that airport noise results in a significant increase in community use of tranquilizers and recreationing pills. Airport communities have an increased rate of alcoholism, and admissions to psychiatrical hospitals. He states airport related noise can literally drive people mad, has been positively associated with the development of hypertension, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar, all of which place people at increased risk of middle disease and stroke (Hansen, 1992).Another study has been linked to aircraft noise and sleep depravation. It has been argued that suburban residents desire a noise aim no higher than 30 decibel s (dB) at night when they sleep. The maximum noise direct from an aircraft taking off would be or so 90 dB. A noise level of 90 dB is roughly equivalent weight to that of a power mower outdoors. At least 75 portion of sleeping people will be awaken if candid to noise levels over 74 dB. More importantly, over 50 percent of people will not be able to go to sleep if exposed to noise levels higher than 74 dB. The resulting sleep deprivation would potentially affect over 100,000 to 700,000 people living in the communities surround a commercial airport (Walther, 1997). chronic noise is also having a waste effect on the academic act of children in noisy homes and schools. Cornell University researchers have corroborate that children in schools bombarded by frequent aircraft noise dont follow to read as well as children in quiet schools. The one major reason they have notice is that the kids tune out speech in the racket (Science Daily, 1998). Speech and communication are affected when noise levels exceed 60 decibels. Excessively noisy schools have been shown to adversely affect the ability to solve unanalyzable problems as well as to learn mathematics and reading (Lang, 1997).The Airport and Airways ripening act of 1970 established a requisite that airport sponsors must afford the chance for public hearings for projects involving the location of an airport, a new runway or extension (Wells, 1996). This Act legally affords opposition groups the opportunity to illustration their concerns and be represented in the beseeming forum.Implementation of operational airport noise abatement strategies is the airports responsibility. The DOD took an early lead in working toward airport compatibility in 1973 with policies concerning public and private land in the vicinity of military airfields. The militarys Air knowledgeableness Compatible kill exercising Zones architectural plan evolved into the governments program for Noise Control And Compatibility supply F or Airports (AC 150/5020-1), or what have croak commonly known as remote Part 150 Studies. (Gesell, 1992)These Noise and Land Use Compatibility Studies consider and evaluate programs to reduce the impact of airport noise on communities. Through fiscal year 1998, there are currently 235 airports participating in the program, 217 airports have received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grants for Part 150 studies, and 193 have been approved for Noise Compatibility Programs (FAA, 1998).Aircraft noise is also being reduced through technical advances and procedural techniques. Engineers have designed quieter engines and do airframe modifications, but opposition groups feel a lot more needs to be done. Aircraft designers feel they are at a point where any further advances will be technically difficult, very costly, and destroy aircraft performance (Wells, 1996). With the growth of aviation at its current rate, numbers of flights are sledding to increase. This can only mean more n oise, even if it is a little quieter. deregulating of the airline industry has changed the way companies do business. The turning point was the Airline deregulating Act, approved by Congress on Oct. 24, 1978 and signed into law by chairperson Carter. Many of the benefits are positive, for instance reject fares and more choices. This has created a massive impact and dramatic increase in the number of passengers throughout the system. Domestic and international air travel have grown by staggering proportions over the last several decades, and that growth is expected to continue.Citing President Clintons policies and the third longest economic expansion since World War II, Secretary of Transportation, Rodney E. Slater, announced that U.S. airlines have recorded a third like a shot year of strong growth an encourage sign that a continued upwards trend is expected into the 21st Century. That contract came on the heels of the release of the FAAs commercial aviation forecast, which revealed that an unprecedented 605 million people flew on the nations air carriers in 1996 with enplanements expected to grow to nearly one billion by 2008 (Slater, 1997).Technological advances, developments in commerce and market and continuing changes in the airline industry are likely to fuel this growth. However, this communicate growth will be unachievable unless we adequately invest in the infrastructure to support it. The national airport system is the heart of that infrastructure. Failure to invest in needed capacity-enhancing projects, such as special runways, runway extensions or new airport construction would severely hamper the growth of the industry and ultimately undermine the ability of our nation to compete in the international economy.Noise pollution affects millions of Americans, but citizens unbalanced by aircraft noise constitute one of the most vocal groups speaking out against noise. Opposition groups like the Regional Commission on Airport Affairs and th e US-Citizens Aviation Watch are growing in strength and have the potential of global reach through the World bulky Web.Airport noise can seriously affect the health and psychological social welfare of those effected, especially when continued exposure is present. It has been the greatest barrier to building a new airport or its expansion. The government is not standing idly by. Many programs such as the Noise and Land Use Compatibility Studies have been put into action and are making funds available to dish out alleviate the problems in communities hardest hit.Aviation enplanements are growing. Forecasters are predicting that traffic shows no sign of decreasing well into the new century. This project growth will be unsurmountable unless we adequately invest in the infrastructure to support it.